Depressive Disorders

Question 1

What is a shared feature of internalizing disorders?

Answer 1

Subjective distress

Question 2

What are the 2 most common internalizing disorders?

Answer 2

Depressive/mood and anxiety disorders

Question 3

Why are internalized disorders hard to detect by people other than the individual?

Answer 3

The distress is internal and subjective; not easily detectable

Question 4

(T/F) For depressive disorders, teacher reports are more useful than parent reports

Answer 4

False

Question 5

(T/F) Depressive disorders are characterized by over-controlled behaviors

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What are other examples of internalizing disorders?

Answer 6

Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior

Question 7

(T/F) There is no genetic basis for the development of internalizing disorders

Answer 7

False

Question 8

(T/F) Internalizing disorders are likelier to be comorbid with one another than with externalizing disorders

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Which internalizing disorder has earliest age of onset?

Answer 9

Anxiety

Question 10

What is one possible reason for the alarming rise in internalizing disorders?

Answer 10

Popularity of social media and social isolation borne out of social comparisons + lack of social connections

Question 11

What is the prevalence of childhood depression?

Answer 11

1 in 5 (20%)

Question 12

During what age period do we see a change in the rates of depression between boys and girls?

Answer 12

Early to middle adolescence; girls experience more depression

Question 13

What happens do depression rates as age increases?

Answer 13

They also increase

Question 14

What do we mean by referring to depression as a “syndrome”?

Answer 14

It is comprised of many symptoms that reliably co-occur with one another

Question 15

What is a frequently reported symptom of depression?

Answer 15

Sad mood and/or anhedonia

Question 16

Define “anhedonia”

Answer 16

Lack of enjoyment or pleasure from activities previously found to be enjoyable

Question 17

What are 3 common myths associated with childhood depression?

Answer 17

• It does not exist (psychoanalytic view)
• It exists but is “masked” by child
• It is transitory and will spontaneously disappear

Question 18

List out the main characteristics of depression

Answer 18

1. Excessive sadness
2. Loss of interest in activities
3. Failure to make expected weight gains
4. Sleep problems (too much or too little)
5. Psychomotor sluggishness (or increased agitation)
6. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
7. Difficulty thinking or making decisions
8. Physical/somatic complaints
9. Irritability

Question 19

How many symptoms have to be present for a 2-week period for diagnosis of depression?

Answer 19

5 symptoms; one of which has to be loss of interest or depressed mood

Question 20

Depression looks essentially the same in children as it does in adults (T/F)

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What are the 4 main areas impaired by depression?

Answer 21

1. Affective (e.g., anhedonia)
2. Cognitive (e.g., feelings of worthlessness)
3. Motivational (e.g., fatigue)
4. Vegetative or psychomotor (e.g., insomnia or hypersomnia)

Question 22

Compare the duration and intensity of MDD and PDD?

Answer 22

MDD is shorter (2 weeks), but more intense. PDD is longer (2 years), but less intense

Question 23

What is Bipolar I disorder?

Answer 23

One or more Manic/Mixed episodes + MD episodes

Question 24

What is Bipolar II disorder?

Answer 24

One or more MD episodes + at least on Hypomanic episode

Question 25

What is best practice when trying to assess childhood depression?

Answer 25

Use of multi-method, multi-informant approach: interviews with child & parents; behavior rating scales from child/parents/teachers

Question 26

The BASC and CBCL are examples of narrow-band scales (T/F)

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Projective techniques have no demonstrated validity in diagnosing of depression (T/F)

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Give examples of narrow self-report scales used to assess childhood depression

Answer 28

1. Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) 2. Reynolds' Child Depression Scale (RCDS) 3. Reynolds' Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS)

Question 29

What is the most useful procedure to assess childhood depression?

Answer 29

Interview with the child/adolescent, combined with use of validated self-report measure of depression

Question 30

Describe Reynolds' 3-Stage Screening Model

Answer 30

Stage 1: screen entire school/classroom with self-report scale of depression Stage 2: students who score below clinically significant levels are not considered depressed; students who score above levels administered scale 2 weeks later for confirmation Stage 3: students who again score above levels are interview individually by school psych to detail nature of depression

Question 31

What is the single most effective treatment model for childhood depression?

Answer 31

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Question 32

What is the term associated with Albert Ellis' work?

Answer 32

"Must"-erbatory behavior

Question 33

Who invented the cognitive triad, the basis for CBT?

Answer 33

Aaron Beck

Question 34

Detail the structure of a school-based CBT therapy session

Answer 34

1) Check-in/rapport building 2) Progress monitoring (e.g. RADS) 3) review homework from previous session (i.e., tasks and goals assigned) 4) Briefly discuss what will be done/addressed in today's session 5) Session content (e.g., content restructuring) 6) Assign homework for next session

Question 35

What is Cognitive Restructuring?

Answer 35

Modifying the child's thinking and attitudes/assumptions underlying their thoughts

Question 36

What is Attribution Retaining?

Answer 36

Modifying child's thinking toward how they attribute events (internal, stable attributions for negative events; external, unstable attributions for positive events)

Question 37

What is Modeling?

Answer 37

Teach children more adaptive ways of thinking

Question 38

What are some key considerations when implementing school-based treatment approaches?

Answer 38

- Consulting with school principal to discuss pros/cons of treatment plan - Meeting with teachers to inform them about plan and how student's depression may impact academics - Ensure teachers don't resent child for missing class time by making them aware of it prior

Question 39

How does DBT differ from CBT?

Answer 39

DBT focuses on modifying our relationship with our thoughts rather than the content of the thoughts themselves (CBT)

Question 40

What is Mindfulness?

Answer 40

Awareness of current thoughts and feelings without judgment

Question 41

CBT is a useful approach for depression arising from environmental situations, such as bullying (T/F)

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Proactive frameworks, such as MTSS/RTI, can be effective ways to address depression in students (T/F)

Answer 42

True