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Abnormal Psychology > Depressive and Bipolar Disorders > Flashcards

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

depression

A

emotional state characterized by intense sadness, feelings of futility and worthlessness, and withdrawal from others

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2
Q

mania

A

emotional state characterized by elevated mood, expansiveness, or irritability, often resulting in hyperactivity

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3
Q

depressive disorder

A

disorders that involve periods of symptoms in which an individual experiences an unusually intense and/or prolonged low, sad mood.`

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4
Q

unipolar depression

A

depression without mania

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5
Q

how common is unipolar depression?

A

9% in U.S. each year and 19% within your lifetime

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6
Q

gender deferences in…

A

unipolar

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7
Q

rest of the world with…

A

unipolar

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8
Q

5 symptoms of unipolar depression?

A
  1. emotional symptoms
  2. motivational symptoms
  3. behavioral symptoms
  4. cognitive symptoms
  5. physical symptoms
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9
Q

Anhedonia

A

an emotional symptom that means the inability to feel pleasure

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10
Q

Paralysis of Will

A

Beck 1967

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11
Q

Diagnosing Unipolar Depression?

A

Criteria 1: Major depressive episode

Criteria 2: No history of mania

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12
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Seasonal, catatonic, paripartum, melancholic

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13
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

persistent depressive disorder with major depressive episodes, persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome (double depression)

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14
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

PMDD

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15
Q

What causes unipolar depression?

A

stress can be a trigger, can also look at both situation and internal factors

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16
Q

Biological view of unipolar depression?

A

Genetic factors: twin studies demonstrate a strong genetic component- concordance rates for MZ twins= 46%
DZ twins= 20%
Adoption studies

17
Q

More biological view

A

NTs: serotonin and norepinephrine (accidental discovery. High blood pressure meds= depression. Is 5-HT a neuromodulator. Does low serotonin disrupt the activity of other NTs?)
Endocrine system/ hormone release
- cortisol
- melatonin

18
Q

More more biological view

A

Brain anatomy and brain circuits (a circuit responsible for unipolar depression has begun to emerge. Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and Brodmann Area 25)

19
Q

more more more biological view

A

Immune system

20
Q

Psychological Views

A

3 main models: Pyschodynamic model, Behavioral model, Cognitive views

21
Q

The Behavioral View

A

Depression results from changes in rewards and punishments people receive in their lives (Lewinsohn, Strengths and weaknesses of this theory?)

22
Q

Cognitive views

A

2 main theories: negative thinking and learned helplessness

23
Q

Negative Thinking

A

Beck theorizes four interrelated cognitive components combine to produce unipolar depression:
maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errros in thinking, automatic thoughts
strengths and weaknesses?

24
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Seligman’s work with laboratory dogs, recent versions of the theory focus on attributions, strengths and limitations

25
Q

The Sociocultural View

A

2 kinds: The family-social perspective (social support), the multicultural perspective (gender and depression, cultural background and depression)

26
Q

Treatments for unipolar depression

A

A variety of treatment approaches are currently in widespread use

27
Q

Psychological Treatments

A

3 main schools of thoughts:
psychodynamic (long-term vs. short-term)
behavioral (lewinsohn)
cognitive (Beck’s cognitive theory. Increasing activities and elevating mood, challenging automatic thoughts, identifying negative thinking and biases, changing primary attitudes)

28
Q

Sociocultural Treatments

A

multicultural treatments, family-social (Interpersonal therapy (IPT), couple therapy)

29
Q

Biological Treatments

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), antidepressant drugs, Brain stimulation

30
Q

Antidepressant drugs

A

Monoanime oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors), tricyclics, Second generation antidepressants (SSRIs, NRIs and SNRIs

31
Q

Brain Stimulation

A

Vagus nerve stimulation, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

32
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania

33
Q

Symptoms of mania?

A

Emotional symptoms, motivational symptoms,

34
Q

Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders

A

DSM-5 distinguishes two kinds of bipolar disorder: Bipolar 1 disorder, Bipolar 2 disorder
Rapid cycling

35
Q

How common is bipolar disorder?

A

Between 1% and 2.6% of all adults

The disorders are equally common in women and men

36
Q

A final diagnostic option for bipolar disorder

A

Cyclothymic disorder

37
Q

What causes Bipolar Disorders?

A

Biological research has produced some promising clues,
Neurotransmitters (NE and 5-HT+ Low NE= Depression, Low 5-HT + High NE= Mania), Ion activity, Brain Structure, Genetic Factors

38
Q

Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

A

The use of lithium and other mood-stabilizers has dramatically changed this picture but we do not fully understand how mood stabilizing drugs work

39
Q

Adjunctive Psychotherapy

A

Pyschotherapy alone is rarely helpful for persons with bipoalr disorder, mood stabilizing drugs alone are also not always sufficient, as a result clinicians often use psychotherapy as an adjunct to lithium (or other medication-based) therapy

Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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