Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards
5 areas of functioning of depression
Emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, physical
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure
DSM-5 Major Depressive Episode
2 weeks increase in depressive mood + symptoms
DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder
Presence of a major depressive episode,
No pattern of mania or hypomania
DSM-5 Persistent Depresive Disorder
2+ years symptoms of depression,
Symptoms not absent for more than 2 months,
No maia/hypomania
Reactive (exogenous) depression
Follows clear-cut stressful events
Endogenous depression
Response to internal factors
The low activity of which neurotransmitters has been linked to depression?
Serotonin and norepinephrine
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
Antidepressant drug. MAO brakes down serotonin and norepinephrine > The drug stops this > reduction of depressive symptoms
Tricyclics
Antidepressant drug. Inhibit overly vigorous reuptake > serotonin and norepinephrine remain in the synapse longer > good
Why are second generation antidepressants safer?
They target 1-2 neurotransmitters only so they don’t have as many undesired effects
Beck’s cognitive triad
Individuals repeatedly interpret (1) experiences, (2) themselves, (3) their future in negative ways
What are arbitrary inferences?
Negative conclusions based on little evidence
Automatic thoughts
Steady train of unpleasant thoughts that keep suggesting hopelessness
Attribution-helplessness theory
When people view events as beyond their control, they ask themselves why is this so > if they attribute the state to internal cause that is global and stable > feel helpless
