depression II Flashcards
Psychological causes/theories:
psychodynamic approach, maladaptive cognitive styles, interpersonal perspectives, cognitive processing in mood disorders
Psychological treatments/psychotherapy
Cognitive behavioral theory, behavioral therapies, cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, interpersonal therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapies
What does psychoanalytic/psychodynamic principles focus on?
focuses on unconscious and early childhood stressors/aversive events
Almost all psychodynamic principles emphasize what?
a fragile self esteem due to early childhood stressors and that adult depression is triggered by loss/disappointment
Themes of causality in depression regarding psychodynamic theory:
- depression is a result of anger turned inward because the patient has identified with the lost “object:
- depression is due to an overactive, dominant super-ego, which is the critical moralizing part.
- depression occurs when the person never adequately resolved their early concerns
Becks Cognitive Theory:
onset, maintenance and exacerbation of depression are driven by depressive self-schemas. cognitive symptoms of depression cause affective mood symptoms
Example of becks cognitive theory:
depressed mood does not lead to negative thoughts, but ones negative thoughts leads to a depressed mood
Depressogenic Schemas:
negative cognitions and dysfunctional beliefs are results of early life experiences and remain there until activated
example of a depressogenic schema:
someone having a core belief of inferiority/worthlessness; the stressful event that led to these beliefs was being rejected romantically
Diathesis-stress theory:
negative schemas/cognitive vulnerability are the underlying diathesis, stressors are necessary to activate schemas
Becks negative cognitive triad:
- self: : “im worthless/a failure”
- world: “no one loves me”
- future: “its all hopeless because things will always be this way.”
The negative cognitive triad is maintained by biased thinking strategies such as:
- all or none reasoning
- Selective abstraction
- Arbitrary interference
All or none reasoning:
extreme thinking: “if I can’t get an 100 on the test, then there’s no point in doing it”
Selective Abstraction:
focuses on one negative detail of a situation
Arbitrary interference:
jumping to conclusions based on minimal evidence: “this therapy won’t work” after one homework assignment
Becks depression inventory:
21 item questionnaire, the higher the score the more depressive symptomology
Dysfunctional attitudes scale:
usually 40 item questionnaire that assesses rigid, negative attitudes
Learned Helplessness:
depression due to lack of control over outcomes
Results of dogs in harnesses that received electrical shocks:
animals exposed to uncontrollable shocks in part 1 acted passive and helpless even when they could escape the shocks
Overall idea of learned helplessness:
when humans have no control over events, they learn they are helpless, making them unmotivated to respond in future
Hopelessness theory:
the tendency to make negative interferences about stressful life events makes a person cognitively vulnerable. if individual experiences uncontrollable negative events, it leads to depression
What are the diathesis of hopelessness theory?
Pessimistic attribution styles
What are the negative inferences called in the hopelessness theory?
attributions
What are the 3 components of the negative inferential styles?
- tendency to attribute negative events to global and stable causes
- tendency to assume negative consequences will follow a negative event
- tendency to infer negative implications about your worthiness
What are attributions?
assigning a situation with a cause
What is the diathesis of Attribution theory of depression:
people have a pessimistic attributional style
in the attribution theory of depression, people who are susceptible to depression form a:
depressogenic, pessimistic attribution of a negative event
the 3 dimensions in which attributions are made:
- internal/external
- global/specific
- stable/unstable
What are the depressogenic attribution style dimensions?
Internal, global, and stable
Example of internal dimension attribution:
Student has bad interaction with professor, and thinks they have bad interpersonal skills rather than thinking the professor was just in a bad mood
example of global dimension attribution:
Student has an argument,ent with fellow classmate and thinks that all fellow students are argumentative rather than just thinking about how most of their social interactions with others were pleasant.
example of stable dimension attribute:
student failed a test and thinks they will never do well on tests, vs thinking they didn’t do well, but they can do better on the next test
Cognitive style questionnaire:
24 item questionnaire, 12 positive scenarios and 12 negative scenarios, each scenario assessed via causes and meaning of the scenario
what does the dysfunctional attitudes scale assess for?
becks cognitive theory
What does the cognitive style questionnaire asses for?
hopelessness theory
Response styles theory:
people have different responses when they experience sadness and this can affect the onset, duration, and severity of depressive symptoms
Response styles consist of:
- rumination
- distraction
- problem solving
- dangerous activities/risk taking
Rumination:
focuses on how/why they feel that way and involves focus to understanding the implications of one’s mood, aka overthinking
does rumination increase or decrease depressive symptoms?
increase
does distraction increase or decrease depressive symptoms?
decrease
does problem solving increase or decease depressive symptoms?
decrease
idea of rumination:
people who ruminate on their depressed mood are more likely to predict, develop, and have longer onset of depressive episodes
What us used to assess the response styles theory?
Response style questionnaire or the ruminative response scale
In the response styles theory, what is the best predictor for depression?
rumination
Idea of the interpersonal theory of depression
interpersonal relationships are a fundamental motivation of depression, and are intertwined with mental health outcomes
The biggest stressful life events often deal with:
interpersonal “loss” or “exit”`
Coyne’s interpersonal model of depression:
depression prone people doubt their self worth and excessively seek reassurance of approval and acceptance. such as questions like “do you still love me?”
How do depressed individuals feel within interpersonal relationships?
frustration, feeling misunderstood and rejected
How does the person dealing with the depressed individual feel?
hostility, withdrawal, rejection
depression contagion:
when a depressed person induces negative mood state in other person
Lewinsohn’s behavioral theory of depression:
depression prone people lack the social skills necessary for obtaining/maintaining positive reinforcement from social environment
Anxious and avoidant attachment theory:
two underlying factors of anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment
High in anxiety attachment=
difficulty trusting attachment figures
High in avoidance attachment=
maintain distance, independence from attachment figures
Marital discord model of depression:
presence of depression in a family may act as a general stressor and strain the family
High expressed emotion:
attitudes, behaviors, and emotions by the caregiver toward the person being cared for
Components of high expressed emotion:
hostility, low tolerance, highly critical
Interpersonal Cirumplex Model of interpersonal problems and problematic behaviors:
organizes interpersonal behaviors in terms of a circular continuum. used to study problematic interpersonal behaviors of depressed individuals.
Vertical axis on ICMIPPIB model is:
dominance vs submissiveness
Horizontal axis on ICMIPPIB model is:
love/nurturance vs coldness