Depression Disorders

Question 1

Negative cognitive triad

Answer 1

Unrealistic negative and demeaning view of 1) oneself, 2) the world, 3) the future

Question 2

Negative cognitive style

Answer 2

Excessive recall of negative material, catastrophizing and overgeneralizing, dismissing positive experience, personalizing failures, rigidity of expectations

Question 3

What are different factors causing depression?

Answer 3

1. psychological factors (psychodynamic, cognitive, stressors, trauma, helplessness)
2. social/family factors (cohorts, immigration, high risk occupations, negative life events)
3. neurobiology of mood and affect

Question 4

What are two ways to treat depression?

Answer 4

psychotherapy (reduce internal conflicts, restore useful attachments, improve self esteem, etc, resolve grief, correct cognitive distortion

and

psychopharmacology (electroconvulsive, deep brain stimulation, phototherapy)

Question 5

Characteristics of bereavement

Answer 5

Depressive symptoms (except limited worthlessness, selfreproach)…usually impairs for less than 3 months but there is usually an “anniversary” flare up (i.e. bday of lost loved one), benefits from treatment, alterations in immune fuction, increased risked of CV disease

Question 6

How to dx recurrent (or single episode) depression?

Answer 6

Symptoms persist for 2 weeks + impairment of work, activities, or relationships

Question 7

What are symptoms present nearly every day for at least 2 weeks in recurrent depression? (at least 4 needed)

Answer 7

1. change in appetite/weight
2. change in sleep
3. psychomotor agitation
4. loss of interest, pleasure, energy
5. worthlessness, self reproach, guilt
6. diminished ability to think/concentrate, indecisiveness
7. recurrent thoughts of death/suicide

Question 8

Specifiers for depression?

Answer 8

1. presence/absence of mood in/congruent pspychotic features
2. melancholia (loss of pleasure/lack of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli)
3. atypical features (weight gain, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis etc)
4. seasonal pattern
5. peripartum onset
6. anxious distress

Question 9

How to diagnosis persistent depressive disorder?

Answer 9

Fewer (only 2) symptoms at least, but present for more than 2 years causing impairment