Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medneuro - M2-4 - Clinical neuroscience > Depression and Affective Disorders - Sterzer > Flashcards

Depression and Affective Disorders - Sterzer Flashcards

1
Q

what are affective disorders

A

disorders of mood and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

diagnostic criteria of depression according to ICD10

A

hierarchy of symptoms: key symptoms and associated symptoms.

Key symptoms:

  • persistent sadness
  • loss of interest or peasure
  • fatigue

Associated symptoms:

  • low concentration
  • low confidence
  • agitation/slowing –> psychomotor decrease
  • disturbed sleep (insomnia)
  • poor or increased appetite
  • suicidal thoughts or acts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many symptoms should be present fo a mild depression diagnosis ?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many symptoms should be present fo a moderate depression diagnosis ?

A

5-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many symptoms should be present fo a severe depression diagnosis ?

A

> 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the difference between delusions in depression and in schizophrenia?

A

in depression the delusions are mostly related to the ‘theme’ of depression and to guilt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

depression. ..
a. has both various mental and somatic symptoms
b. has only mental symptoms
c. has only somatic symptoms
d. can only be diagnosed if the person is very sad

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. depression can occur in episodic or chronic forms, with 36% of the cases being episodic
b. depression hurts 36% of the population
c. impairments can persist even after the episode is gone
d. average remission time 7 months
e. average remission time- 3 months

A

a, c, e

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which of the following statements about epidemiology of depression is/are correct?

a. in any given year 9% of the EU population will suffer from depression
b. depression is far more prevalent in men than women
c. onset of depression usually starts before puberty
d. depression has a huge societal impact

A

a,d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 4 components of bipolar disorder?

A
  1. mania
  2. psychotic symptoms
  3. depression
  4. cognitive impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what symptoms fall under mania?

A
  • euphoria
  • grandiosity
  • high energy
  • decreased impulse control
  • increased libido
  • risky behaviour
  • decreased sleep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what symptoms fall under psychotic symptoms?

A
  • delusions

- hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what symptoms fall under depression irritability in bipolar disorder?

A
  • depressed mood
  • anxiety
  • loss of energy
  • irritability
  • agitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which symptoms of bipolar are linked to cognitive impairment?

A
  • fast trains of thoughts
  • decreased attention
  • concentration deficits
  • executive functions deficits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 4 subtypes of bipolar?

A
  • bipolar I- both severe manic and depressive episodes
  • unipolar mania- only manic episodes
  • cyclothymia- mild depression and hypomanic episodes
  • bipolar II- severe depression and hypomanic episodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for mania?

A
  • elevated mood
  • high energy
  • pressure of speech
  • decreased sleep
  • marked distractibility
  • grandiosity
  • w. or w/o psychotic symptoms
17
Q

what is the difference between mania and hypomania?

A

hypomania is a milder form of mania, so the symptoms are very similar, however, no psychotic symptoms occur and usually social relationships are not disrupted.

18
Q

what is the most severe form of bipolar disorder?

A

rapid cycle- ≥4 episodes of mania and depression per year

19
Q

which of the following statements is/are WRONG?

a. depression is more genetically influenced than bipolar
b. bipolar disorder has 80% concurrence rate in twins
c. it is unclear if the high occurrence rate of depression in offsprings of depressed parents is more genetically or environmentally influenced
d. males suffer more form bipolar disorder whereas females suffer more from depression

A

a, d

20
Q

what is the link between 5HTT polymorphism and depression?

A
  • 5HTT- gene for transporter of serotonin for reuptake.
  • 5HT is the target of most antidepressants
  • S-allele- short; associated w. neurotism
  • L- allele - long; better response to SSRI.
  • -> the S-allel is linked to lower number of transporters on the membrane, and carriers show some depressive symptoms but not direct MDD; L carriers are more linked to MDD and respond better to SSRI
21
Q

If S-allele carriers are associated with lower number of 5HTTs on the membrane and thus, higher serotonin levels in the cleft, why do they show depressive symptoms?

A

hypothesis- S carriers have functional deficits of 5HT because of the down-regulation of 5HTT

22
Q

describe the gene-environment interaction in the context of 5HTT polymorphism

A
  • S-allele carriers are more sensitive to environmental changes and are more susceptible to develop depression in response to life events.
  • L-carriers seem to be somehow protected
  • however- not proven
23
Q

which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. amygdala response to emotional stimuli in L-allele carriers is higher than in S-allele carriers
b. amygdala response to emotional stimuli in S-allele carriers is higher than in L-allele carriers
c. startle response, aversion to functional risk, HPA axis and other parameters are increased in L-allele carriers
d. both L- and S-allele carriers respond highly to emotional stimulus

A

b

24
Q

what brain regions are important for 5HT regulation and depression?

A
  • amygdala
  • limbic system
  • locus coerulus
  • Raphe nuclei (low 5HT production)
  • PFC (lower volume)
  • subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC)
25
Q

T/F-

serotonin production in MDD patients is much lower

A

T

26
Q

which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. children of parents with MDD show higher response to both positive and negative emotional stimuli
b. children of parents with MDD show lower response to happy faces/positive stimuli
c. amygdala is more sensitive to negative stimuli in MDD
d. MDD patients show higher response to sad faces even when not consciously perceiving the stimulus
e. MDD patients show increased activity in the ventral striatum

A

b, c, d

27
Q

what is the relationship between neuroendocrine factors and depression?

A
  • HPA-axis is dysregulated in depression (increased activation).
  • the amygdala and the limbic system play a role in regulation of the hypothalamus
  • -> increased activity in the amygdala leads to under regulation of the hypothalamus which results in increased cRH production in the pituitary gland and high activation of ACTH
  • ->activation of the adrenal gland
  • -> HPA axis is over active in MDD and induces higher stress response
28
Q

what treatments are available for depression?

A
  1. Pharmaceutical treatments:
    - SSRI
    - SNRI
    - NRI
    - TCA
    - MAOI
    - ketamine

non-pharmaceutical:

  • psychotherapy
  • ECT (electro-convulsant therapy)
  • TMS (transcranial-magnetic stimulation)
29
Q

according to the NT-receptor hypothesis of SSRI action, what causes the improvement of mood?

A
  • SSRIs block reuptake of 5HT in the presynaptic membrane.
  • this increases concentration of 5HT in the cleft.
  • according to the hypothesis, the good response to SSRI is not due to the increase in 5HT concentration, but due to a subsequent effect of 5HT on the postsynaptic receptors (decrease receptor sensitivity)
30
Q

what are the treatments available for bipolar disorder?

A
  1. Mania:
    - lithium
    - valporate
    - 2nd generation antipsychotics (apriprazole)
  2. Depression:
    - quetipune
    - antidepressants + mood stabilisers
  3. Maintenance:
    - lithium
    - valporate
    - 2nd generation antipsychotics (apriprazole)

Medneuro - M2-4 - Clinical neuroscience (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions