Depression

Question 1

Depression intro-MDD

Answer 1

depressed mood, diminished pleasure, weight fluctuation, unworthiness, recurrent thoughts of death and fatigue.
present for 2 week period
Onset- usually significant loss

Question 2

Depression Model

Answer 2

Negative Cognitive style -psychological model
Abramson et al (1989) Hopelessness theory
Internal causes that have negative consequences in future, self worth
And are global and stable
Key role is hopelessness which creates depressed mood

Question 3

Depression Model support

Answer 3

Constantini et al (2021) Longitudinal test
NCS questionnaire at 17y
Symptoms of depression at 23y
Risk of meeting threshold in MDD elevated in participants who scored higher in questionnaire
1SD= 24-50% increase risk
Strong prediction=longitudinal
not experimental=can’t establish causality

Question 4

Depression Pharmacotherapy

Answer 4

Antidepressants-increase neurotransmitters however side effects- weight gain/sleep
Turner et al (2008) Meta-analysis on 74 studies
both published/unpublished
Unpublished had questionable results=publication bias
Limit generalisability and reliability
Important to look at routine clinical care
Zimmerman et al (2002)
efficacy differs from RCC
1/6 of participants would have been excluded due to subtypes of depression
Therefore both publication bias and non representative sample

Question 5

Depression- Psychotherapy

Answer 5

CBT- challenge negative beliefs, challenge them and replace
Cuijpers et al (2008) MA of 53 studies comparing 7 different therapies
CBT and psychodynamic therapy most effective
With CBT appearing better but not significantly
would need larger scale RCT