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YEAR 2 Mental Health > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What are emotions comprised of?

A

Continuous and recursive components (Appraisal Theory)

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2
Q

Comprised of continuous and recursive components (Appraisal Theory)

a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour

A

b. Emotions

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3
Q

What does the appraisal theory suggest about emotions?

A

Emotions are comprised of continuous and recursive components (Appraisal Theory)

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4
Q

Subjective experiences, and are the result of our emotions

a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour

A

c. Feelings

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5
Q

States that can be longer lasting, and more pervasive

a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour

A

a. Mood

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6
Q

What are feelings?

A

Subjective experiences, and are the result of our emotions

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7
Q

Feelings are the result of…?

A

Our emotions

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8
Q

What are moods?

A

States that can be longer lasting, and more pervasive

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9
Q

______ are normal and functional (they contribute to our decisions about how to behave)

a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour

A

b. Emotions

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10
Q

Emotions are normal and functional

What does this mean?

A

They contribute to our decisions about how to behave

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11
Q

They contribute to our decisions about how to behave

a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour

A

b. Emotions

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12
Q

Emotions are _____ and _____

A
  1. Normal
  2. Functional
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13
Q

Prolonged negative emotional experiences lead to …?

A

Mood problems which may then require treatment

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14
Q

What are the 5 components of the appraisal theory?

A
  1. Appraisal
  2. Feeling
  3. Motor
  4. Somatic/arousal
  5. Motivational
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15
Q

Environment, Self

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

a. Appraisal

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16
Q

Physiological responses

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

d. Somatic/arousal

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17
Q

Specific action tendencies / readiness

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

e. Motivational

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18
Q

Subjective experiences

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

b. Feeling

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19
Q

Expressive/instrumental behaviour

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

c. Motor

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20
Q

“I am going to fail this!”

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

a. Appraisal

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21
Q

Physically agitated & restless

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

c. Motor

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22
Q

Dread, Fear

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

b. Feeling

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23
Q

Decision to avoid

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

e. Motivational

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24
Q

Rapid heartbeat

a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational

A

d. Somatic/arousal

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25
Q

Who proposed the appraisal theory?

A

Moors et al (2013)

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26
Q

In everyday life, we talk about ‘mood’ to describe our _______ rather than the emotion we are experiencing in the moment.

A

State of mind

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27
Q

In everyday life, we talk about ‘mood’ to describe our state of mind rather than the _________ in the moment.

A

Emotion we are experiencing

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28
Q

Mood can be characterised as a pervasive state

What does this mean?

A

An emotion or set of emotions that have accumulated in a time frame

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29
Q

An emotion or set of emotions that have accumulated in a time frame

This is known as…?

A

A pervasive state

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30
Q

Can be characterised as a pervasive state

a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour

A

a. Mood

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31
Q

True or False?

Moods are only positively experienced

A

False

Moods are both positively and negatively experienced

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32
Q

True or False?

Moods comprise the full spectrum from low mood to elevation

A

True

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33
Q

When a mood state is negative, distinctly unusual, or significantly impacting a person’s quality of life it might be diagnosed as…?

A

Mood disorder

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34
Q

Define mood disorder

A

When a mood state is negative, distinctly unusual, or significantly impacting a person’s quality of life

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35
Q

What is included in the spectrum for Bipolar Disorder Type 1?

List 5

A
  1. Major depression
  2. Sub-syndromal depression
  3. Sub-syndromal elevated mood
  4. Hypo-mania
  5. Mania
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36
Q

What is included in the spectrum for Bipolar Disorder Type 2?

List 4

A
  1. Major depression
  2. Sub-syndromal depression
  3. Sub-syndromal elevated mood
  4. Hypo-mania
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37
Q

What is included in the spectrum for Cyclothymia?

List 2

A
  1. Sub-syndromal depression
  2. Sub-syndromal elevated mood
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38
Q

What is included in the spectrum for Depression?

List 4

A
  1. Sub-threshold
  2. Mild
  3. Moderate
  4. Severe
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39
Q

What is considered less severe depression?

Select all that apply

a. Severe
b. Sub-threshold
c. Moderate
d. Mild

A

b. Sub-threshold
d. Mild

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40
Q

What is considered more severe depression?

Select all that apply

a. Severe
b. Sub-threshold
c. Moderate
d. Mild

A

a. Severe
c. Moderate

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41
Q

True or False?

Depression is one of the rarest disorders worldwide

A

False

One of the most common disorders worldwide

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42
Q

According to World Health organisation (2018), how many people of all ages around the world suffer from depression?

A

300 million

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43
Q

In ______ countries, depression was the primary driver of disability

a. 59
b. 34
c. 77
d. 26

A

d. 26

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44
Q

In 26 countries, depression was the primary driver of …?

A

Disability

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45
Q

____% of people presenting to their GP have depression

a. 13
b. 24
c. 63
d. 48

A

a. 13

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46
Q

13% of people presenting to their GP have …?

A

Depression

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47
Q

What is the life-time prevalence rate in UK for depression?

A

5%

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48
Q

What is the most common psychiatric disorder in later life?

A

Depression

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49
Q

_____% of population aged 65+ suffer significant depressive symptoms

a. 20-25%
b. 10-15%
c. 30-35%
d. 35-40%

A

b. 10-15%

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50
Q

10-15% of population aged _____ suffer significant depressive symptoms

A

65+

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51
Q

According to WHO, ____ will become the 2nd most common cause of disability worldwide (after heart disease) by 2020

A

Depression

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52
Q

According to WHO, depression will become the 2nd most common cause of _____ worldwide (after heart disease) by 2020

A

Disability

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53
Q

What are the symptoms of major depression?

List 3 points

A
  1. At least 2 weeks of depressed mood, most of the day, nearly everyday

and / or

  1. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day & sadness
  2. Plus at least 3 of these symptoms:
  • Significant change in appetite or weight
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Psychomotor agitation / retardation
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness and/or inappropriate guilt
  • Diminished ability to think of concentrate
  • Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or a specific plan for committing suicide
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54
Q

What 2 things does depression result in?

A
  1. Distress
  2. Functional impairment in the person’s life (e.g. occupational or social)
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55
Q
  1. Distress
  2. Functional impairment in the person’s life (e.g. occupational or social)

These are the results of…?

A

Major depression

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56
Q

How can we measure the symptoms of depression?

A

The symptoms are often noticed by others

Questions asked to patients would be: “Has anyone commented on you sleeping longer than usual these days?”

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57
Q

Significant change in appetite or weight

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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58
Q

Insomnia or hypersomnia

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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59
Q

Psychomotor agitation / retardation

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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60
Q

Fatigue or loss of energy

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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61
Q

Feelings of worthlessness and/or inappropriate guilt

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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62
Q

Diminished ability to think of concentrate

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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63
Q

Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or a specific plan for committing suicide

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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64
Q

At least 2 weeks of depressed mood, most of the day, nearly everyday

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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65
Q

At least 2 weeks of markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day

This is a symptom of…?

A

Major depression

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66
Q

What are the 4 different depression diagnoses?

A
  1. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder
  3. Major Depressive Disorder
  4. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
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67
Q

Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

What are they? (List 5)

A
  1. Anxious Distress
  2. Postpartum
  3. Mixed Features
  4. Melancholic Features
  5. Atypical Features
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68
Q

What are the 3 key features of Major Depressive Order?

A
  1. With Seasonal Pattern
  2. With psychotic features
  3. With panic attacks
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69
Q

What are the 3 key features of Other Specified Depressive Disorder?

A
  1. Brief Recurrent
  2. Short-duration depressive episode (4-13 days)
  3. Depressive episode with insufficient symptoms
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70
Q

Anxious Distress

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

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71
Q

What are melancholic features?

A

When a person cannot be cheered up, their sadness is deeper within their depressive episode

72
Q

What are atypical features?

A

Internally depressed but outwardly appear not depressed

73
Q

Internally depressed but outwardly appear not depressed

This is known as…?

A

Atypical features

74
Q

When a person cannot be cheered up, their sadness is deeper within their depressive episode

This is known as…?

A

Melancholic features

75
Q

Depressive episode with insufficient symptoms

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

76
Q

Short-duration depressive episode (4-13 days)

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

77
Q

With panic attacks

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

c. Major Depressive Disorder

78
Q

Postpartum

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

79
Q

With psychotic features

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

c. Major Depressive Disorder

80
Q

Mixed Features

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

81
Q

Brief Recurrent

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

82
Q

Melancholic Features

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

83
Q

Atypical Features

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

84
Q

With Seasonal Pattern

a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers

b. Persistent Depressive Disorder

c. Major Depressive Disorder

d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

c. Major Depressive Disorder

85
Q

What are the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)?

A
  1. Biogenetic
  2. Sociocultural
  3. Psychological
86
Q

Familial risk

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

a. Biogenetic

87
Q

Environmental factors

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

b. Sociocultural

88
Q

Gender

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

89
Q

Genetic differences in the
production and/ or uptake of certain neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin)

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

a. Biogenetic

90
Q

Early & recent trauma

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

c. Psychological

91
Q

Maladaptive schemas & coping
styles

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

c. Psychological

92
Q

Ethnicity

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

b. Sociocultural

93
Q

Rumination

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

c. Psychological

94
Q

Physical health conditions

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

a. Biogenetic

95
Q

Socioeconomic status

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

b. Sociocultural

96
Q

Discrimination

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

b. Sociocultural

97
Q

Meta-emotion

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

c. Psychological

98
Q

(Self)stigma

Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?

a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological

A

b. Sociocultural

99
Q

Biogenetic is 1 of 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)

What are the 4 features of biogenetic?

A
  1. Familial risk
  2. Genetic differences in the
    production and/ or uptake of certain neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin)
  3. Gender/sex
  4. Physical health conditions
100
Q

Sociocultural is 1 of 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)

What are the 6 features of sociocultural?

A
  1. Environmental factors
  2. Gender
  3. Ethnicity
  4. Socioeconomic status
  5. Discrimination
  6. (Self) stigma
101
Q

Psychological is 1 of 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)

What are the 5 features of psychological?

A
  1. Early & recent trauma
  2. Maladaptive schemas & coping styles
  3. Rumination
  4. Meta-emotion
  5. Gender
102
Q

What 3 things does NICE recommend for dealing with depression in adults?

A
  1. Principles of Care
  2. Recognition and assessment
  3. Choice of treatments
103
Q

What is principles of care according to NICE when dealing with depression in adults?

A

Build a trusting relationship, explore treatment choices, be aware of stigma & discrimination

104
Q

What is recognition and assessment according to NICE when dealing with depression in adults?

A

Validated questionnaires, assess for severity of symptoms, previous history, duration, course of illness, impact on functioning, & risk assessment

105
Q

What is choice of treatments according to NICE when dealing with depression in adults?

A

Discuss ideas/preferences, the recommended treatments, how & where they will be delivered

106
Q

Build a trusting relationship, explore treatment choices, be aware of stigma & discrimination

a. Choice of treatments

b. Principles of Care

c. Recognition and assessment

A

b. Principles of Care

107
Q

Validated questionnaires, assess for severity of symptoms, previous history, duration, course of illness, impact on functioning, & risk assessment

a. Choice of treatments

b. Principles of Care

c. Recognition and assessment

A

c. Recognition and assessment

108
Q

Discuss ideas/preferences, the recommended treatments, how & where they will be delivered

a. Choice of treatments

b. Principles of Care

c. Recognition and assessment

A

a. Choice of treatments

109
Q

How can we discuss first-line treatments for less severe depression?

List 3 points

A
  1. Discuss treatment options and match the choice of treatment to clinical needs and preferences

Consider the least intrusive and least resource intrusive treatment first (guided self-help)

  1. If the person has a clear preference, or experience from previous treatment to use as a guide, support the person’s choice, unless there are concerns about suitability for this episode of depression
  2. Do not routinely offer antidepressants as a first-line treatment unless that is the person’s preference
110
Q

How can we discuss first-line treatments for more severe depression?

List 2 points

A
  1. Discuss treatment options with people who have a new. episode of more severe depression

Match their choice of treatment to their clinical needs and preferences

  1. If the person has a clear preference, or experience from previous treatment to use as a guide, support the person’s choice, unless there are concerns about suitability for this episode of depression
111
Q

How are treatment options listed?

A

Listed in order of recommended use based on the committee’s interpretation of their clinical and cost effectiveness and consideration of implementation factors

112
Q

What is CBT based on?

A

Based on the cognitive model as a framework to understand a person’s difficulty e.g depression

113
Q

Based on the cognitive model as a framework to understand a person’s difficulty e.g depression

This is known as…?

114
Q

What does CBT focus on?

List 2 things

A
  1. Unhelpful thinking
  2. Unhelpful behaviour

(how people feel (reactions) is determined by the way they interpret situations)

115
Q

How does CBT help depressed patients?

A

By teaching them to understand their experience and maladaptive thoughts they might have

116
Q

The way situations are interpreted is via cognition, made up of 3 things

What are they?

A
  1. Core beliefs
  2. Dysfunctional assumptions
  3. Negative automatic thoughts
117
Q

What are core beliefs?

A

Core beliefs are rigid, overgeneralized, global beliefs about the self, world, and other people

118
Q

What are dysfunctional assumptions?

A

People develop certain assumptions, or rules for living, that help protect them from the activation of their core beliefs

These assumptions get translated into actions which we understand as their coping strategies

119
Q

People develop certain assumptions, or rules for living, that help protect them from the activation of their core beliefs

These assumptions get translated into actions which we understand as their coping strategies

a. Core beliefs
b. Dysfunctional assumptions
c. Negative automatic thoughts

A

b. Dysfunctional assumptions

120
Q

Rigid, overgeneralized, global beliefs about the self, world, and other people

a. Core beliefs
b. Dysfunctional assumptions
c. Negative automatic thoughts

A

a. Core beliefs

121
Q

How many sessions does CBT usually run?

A

26 sessions

122
Q

People’s most superficial level of cognition

a. Core beliefs
b. Dysfunctional assumptions
c. Automatic thoughts

A

c. Automatic thoughts

123
Q

Automatic thoughts are people’s most superficial level of cognition

Their underlying assumptions and core beliefs give rise to their …?

A

Automatic thoughts

124
Q

People’s assumptions help us understand their …?

A

Unhelpful patterns of behaviour

125
Q

People’s ______ help us understand their unhelpful patterns of behaviour

A

Assumptions

126
Q

Collaboration between therapist and client help to identify and challenge …?

A

Negative automatic thoughts

127
Q

What can help to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts?

A

Collaboration between therapist and client to

e.g. behavioural experiments, thus improving reactions

128
Q

What are the 4 features of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation (what clinician tests on paper during CBT sessions)?

A
  1. Thoughts/ cognitions
  2. Behaviour/ doing
  3. Feeling/ emotions
  4. Physical symptoms
129
Q

“It’s no good, nothing will get better” (hopeless)

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

b. Thoughts/ cognitions

130
Q

Tired & lethargic

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

a. Physical symptoms

131
Q

Tearful

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

a. Physical symptoms

132
Q

Depressed

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

c. Feeling/ emotions

133
Q

“I’m useless” (helpless)

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

b. Thoughts/ cognitions

134
Q

Withdraw, stay in bed

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

d. Behaviour/ doing

135
Q

Sick

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

a. Physical symptoms

136
Q

Low

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

c. Feeling/ emotions

137
Q

Cry

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

d. Behaviour/ doing

138
Q

Argue/ snap at people

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

d. Behaviour/ doing

139
Q

Stressed/ Anxious

What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?

a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing

A

c. Feeling/ emotions

140
Q

What are the 6 typical behavioural assignments (CBT)?

A
  1. Activity scheduling (including social activities, self-care activities, exercise, and activities that can bring a sense of pleasure and/or achievement), especially for depressed clients
  2. Exposure techniques, especially for anxious clients
  3. Interpersonal skills, such as social skills, communication skills,
    assertiveness skills
  4. Emotional regulation, mindfulness or relaxation techniques
  5. Problem solving
  6. Using techniques to improve sleep, regulate eating, or decrease the use of harmful substances (patient trying different things in between their CBT sessions)
141
Q

What is Behavioural Activation (BA)?

A

A model of depression based on learning theory

142
Q

A model of depression based on learning theory

This is known as…?

A

Behavioural Activation (BA)

143
Q

When people become depressed, a lot of their behaviour functions to avoid unpleasant thoughts, feelings or situations but this also leads to missing out on …?

A

Positive reinforcers (especially social ones)

144
Q

When people become depressed, a lot of their behaviour functions to avoid ______, ______ and ______ but this also leads to missing out on positive reinforcers (especially social ones)

A

Unpleasant thoughts, feelings or situations

145
Q

What is Behavioural Activation (BA) designed to do?

A

To raise awareness of missing out on positive reinforcers and the unintended consequences of their actions

(i.e. that, rather than serve to improve the situation, client’s response can make the situation worse)

146
Q

To raise awareness of missing out on positive reinforcers and the unintended consequences of their actions

(i.e. that, rather than serve to improve the situation, client’s response can make the situation worse)

This is known as…?

A

Behavioural Activation (BA)

147
Q

What is involved in the formulation to intervention (Behavioural Activation (BA))?

List 4 points

A
  1. Ruminate on why I feel so depressed and why I’m such a loser

&

Feel more depressed and ashamed and want to avoid

  1. Sleep more during the day, watch rubbish TV

&

Feel more tired, partner criticises me, more arguments

  1. Feel lethargic, put weight on, feel disgusted with myself

&

Comfort eat with lots of sweets and crisps

  1. Feel more isolated, friends get fed up and ignore me. I feel more alone

&

Avoid friends, don’t answer phone or answer mail

148
Q

How does Behavioural Activation (BA) work?

A

Works by targeting the behaviours that maintain depression

149
Q

In Behavioural Activation (BA), what is not targeted?

A

Cognitions

150
Q

In Behavioural Activation (BA), cognitions are not targeted but some ways of thinking (e.g. ruminating) might be characterised as …?

A

A behaviour which allows the person to avoid other things

151
Q

What does Behavioural Activation (BA) identify?

A

Identify goals (short, medium and long term) that are meaningful to the client

i.e. fit in with their values and abilities

152
Q

Behavioural Activation (BA) identifies goals (short, medium and long term) that are …?

A

Meaningful to the client

i.e. fit in with their values and abilities

153
Q

Behavioural Activation (BA) involves …?

List 4 things

A
  1. Activity scheduling (avoided activities, not just pleasant ones)
  2. Activity structuring
  3. Social skills training
  4. Problem-solving
154
Q

Identify goals (short, medium and long term)that are meaningful to the client i.e. fit in with their values and abilities

a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None

155
Q

Works by targeting the behaviours that maintain depression

a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None

156
Q

Cognitions not targeted but some ways of thinking e.g. ruminating might be characterised as a behaviour which allows the person to avoid other things

a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None

157
Q

Activity scheduling (avoided activities, not just pleasant ones), structuring, social skills training, problem-solving

a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None

158
Q

Therapy interventions are based on …?

A

MODELS of human behaviour

159
Q

What does CBT mainly assume?

A

Our thinking is a heavy influence on our behaviour and that this is a symbiotic relationship

160
Q

What does BA mainly emphasise on?

A

The role depressed behaviour has in perpetuating the depression through the process of avoidance

Behaviour change aims to manage that avoidance

161
Q

Emphasises on the role depressed behaviour has in perpetuating the depression through the process of avoidance

Behaviour change aims to manage that avoidance

a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None

162
Q

Assumes our thinking is a heavy influence on our behaviour and that this is a symbiotic relationship

a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None

163
Q

The aspect of the therapeutic intervention thought to successfully improve mood is known as …?

A

The ‘mechanism of change’

164
Q

What is the ‘mechanism of change’?

A

The aspect of the therapeutic intervention thought to successfully improve mood

165
Q

Describe evidence proposed by Richards et al. (2016) on CBT vs BA

A

In a randomised control trial, BA, a simpler psychological treatment than CBT, can be delivered by junior mental health workers with less intensive and costly training, with no lesser effect than CBT

166
Q

Which is a simpler psychological treatment?

a. CBT
b. BA

167
Q

True or False?

BA, a simpler psychological treatment than CBT, cannot be delivered by junior mental health workers with less intensive and costly training

A

False

BA, a simpler psychological treatment than CBT, can be delivered by junior mental health workers with less intensive and costly training, with no lesser effect than CBT

168
Q

Define context in terms of depression

A

The ‘background’ to the person’s depression

169
Q

The ‘background’ to the person’s depression

This is known as…?

170
Q

Individual contexts would certainly be important in a psychological formulation.

However, there is sometimes criticism levelled at models informing psychological interventions

Why?

A

Because they don’t always take into account the reality of the world in which a person is living (the wider context of where, and under what circumstances we live)

171
Q

How does context influence mood?

A

Through the impact of appraisals and feelings on mood

172
Q

What beliefs might these environments engender about yourself, the world, and others (key appraisals in depressive disorder)

This is known as…?

A

Appraisals

173
Q

Define appraisals

A

What beliefs might these environments engender about yourself, the world, and others (key appraisals in depressive disorder)

174
Q

If a person is living in a violent or impoverished neighbourhood, this is likely to have an impact on anxiety and depression

What is the appraisal for anxiety in this circumstance?

A

Appraisal = something bad could happen

175
Q

If a person is living in a violent or impoverished neighbourhood, this is likely to have an impact on anxiety and depression

What is the appraisal for depression in this circumstance?

A

Appraisal = I am helpless to change this

176
Q

True or False?

Working on intrapsychic phenomena (e.g. thinking patterns) or interpersonal phenomena (i.e. relationships) will impact on the physical environment of the individual client

A

False

Working on intrapsychic phenomena (e.g. thinking patterns) or interpersonal phenomena (i.e. relationships) will not impact on the physical environment of the individual client

177
Q

What will not impact on the physical environment of the individual client?

List 2 things

A

Working on:

  1. Intrapsychic phenomena (e.g. thinking patterns)
  2. Interpersonal phenomena (i.e. relationships)

YEAR 2 Mental Health (11 decks)

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