Depression

Question 1

Define mental illness

Answer 1

a psychiatric condition without organic causes, giving a level of distress greater than normal human experience

Question 2

2 classifications of mental illness

Answer 2

organic - physical disorders
functional - subjective distress

Question 3

what are the 4 forms of depression?

Answer 3

• single episode
• recurrent
• dysthymic - persistent depressive mood for 2+ months/most days
• mixed depressive and anxiety disorder

Question 4

what is the severity of depression based on?

Answer 4

the number of symptoms
the impact on the person’s life

Question 5

what are 3 ways to measure anxiety and depression?

Answer 5

• neuroimaging - changes to the brain
• core symptoms
• clinical features

Question 6

describe core symptoms of depression

Answer 6

daily mood, lowered interest, difficulty concentrating, feeling of worthlessness, excessive guilt, change in appetite or sleep, thoughts of death and suicide, reduced energy

Question 7

describe 3 ways how clinical feature of depression can be presented

Answer 7

biological
- altered sleep, bad morning mood, appetite, weight loss, less sexual drive

cognitive
- beck’s cognitive triad - pessimistic thoughts
- reduced attention and focus
- delusions and hallucinations
- suicide

alcohol

Question 8

What are the Screening Questions?

Answer 8

two-question test

1. during the past month have you felt down?
2. during the past month have you been bothered by little interest in doing things

Question 9

What is the sensitivity and specificity of the screening questions?

Answer 9

96% sensitivity - detects positive signs
57-67% specificity - correct diagnosis

Question 10

what 2 questionnaires can be used? what are their sensitivities and specificities?

Answer 10

hospital anxiety and depression scale
- 14 item self-rating scale
- 90% sensitivity
- 86% specificity

patient health questionnaires
- 9 item self-rating in past 2 weeks
- 80% sensitivity
- 92% specificity

Question 11

What are 3 Treatments for Depression?

Answer 11

• CBT
• antidepressants
• ECT - electroconvulsive therapy

Question 12

What are the 3 Types of CBT?

Answer 12

• cognitive - change perception of events
• behavioural - change behaviours
• psychotherapy - see how past affects now

Question 13

what are 2 antidepressants, which is the most common?

Answer 13

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- most common
SNRI - serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

Question 14

what are 2 older drugs for depression?

Answer 14

tricyclics
monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 15

what is the monoamine deficiency theory? give 3 monoamines

Answer 15

• deficiencies of monoamines cause depression
• serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin

Question 16

how is depression socially perceived?

Answer 16

there is stigma

Question 17

what is bipolar disorder?

Answer 17

recurrent episodes of altered mood and activity

Question 18

what are the 4 types of bipolar disorder?

Answer 18

minor
major
hypomanic
mixed

Bipolar I = one or manic or mixed episodes
Bipolar II = one or more hypomanic episode and at least one depressive episode

Question 19

give 7 manic episode characteristics of bipolar

Answer 19

• euphoria
• increased activity/energy
• flight of ideas
• increased self-esteem
• decreased need for sleep
• impulsive
• rapid changes across diff mood states

Question 20

what is the main age to develop bipolar?

Answer 20

15-19

Question 21

what is the cause of bipolar?

Answer 21

unknown

could be: chemical imbalance, genetics, triggers