Depositional landforms Flashcards

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1
Q

what does deposition form?

A

beaches

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2
Q

where are depositional landforms most common?

A

lowland coasts, beaches are the most common depositional landform

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3
Q

what are beaches?

A

beaches are accumulations of sand and shingle deposited by waves and currents

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4
Q

where does the sediment on a beach come from?

A

cliff erosion but most is brought down to the coast by rivers

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5
Q

what are the two different types of beaches?

A

-swash aligned
-drift aligned

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6
Q

swash aligned

A

beaches where waves approach parallel to the shore and break with swash moving directly up the beach and the backwash returning directly back, these form wide beaches with an even shoreline

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7
Q

how do you identify a swash aligned beach on a photograph?

A

the lines are parallel to the coastline (berms)

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8
Q

what’s an example of a swash aligned beach?

A

chesil beach

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9
Q

drift aligned

A

form when waves approach the beach at an angle resulting n swash moving diagonally up the beach and the backwash returning though gravity, these beaches have an uneven profile especially when groynes have been used to slow the long short drift

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10
Q

how do you identify a drift aligned beach on a photograph?

A

most likely a straight coastline

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11
Q

what is an example of a drift aligned beach?

A

west wittering

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12
Q

why are pebble beaches steep?

A

A strong swash and a weak backwash causes deposition, on a pebble beach the water goes through the gaps in the rocks and goes back to the sea under/through the rocks. This means lots of material is put into the beach but very little is pulled back into the sea which causes it to be very steep.

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13
Q

nearshore

A

the breaker zone where waves break

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14
Q

backshore

A

an area that is not usually affected by waves, so the sand is usually dry

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15
Q

foreshore

A

the inter-tidal zone repeatedly covered, then uncovered by changing tides

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16
Q

offshore

A

fairly far out to sea where the waves do not break

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17
Q

beach profile`

A

shows the gradient from the back of the beach to the sea

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18
Q

what kind of bay is a sandy beach formed in?

A

a sheltered bay as low-energy constructive waves transport material onto the shore

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19
Q

what is the main type of transportation used to form sand dunes?

A

saltation

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20
Q

how are sand dunes formed?

A
  1. wind pushes sand grains along by saltation
  2. sand grains start piling up as something has trapped the sand at the back of the beach (e.g. seaweed or driftwood)
  3. more sand piles up
    4.the dune stops growing at the high water mark, this is where the highest tide reaches
  4. the dune becomes stabilised by grasses such as Marram or Lyme growing on the new dune
  5. as the dune is growing another embryo dune is forming in front of it (closer to the sea) over time the new dunes get closer and closer to the sea
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21
Q

what conditions are needed for a sand dune to form?

A

-large flat beach
-good supply of sand from the seabed that gets deposited on the beach
-a large tidal range
-a regular onshore wind
-an obstacle

22
Q

why is a large flat beach important for sand dunes to form?

A

have enough room for the dunes to form without being swept away by waves/tides

23
Q

why is a good supply of sand from the seabed important for sand dunes to form?

A

to create dunes at the back of the beach

24
Q

why is a large tidal range important for sand dunes to form?

A

to expose large amounts of sand at low tide

25
Q

why is a regular onshore wind important for sand dunes to form?

A

to move the sand to the back of the beach

26
Q

why is an obstacle important for sand dunes to form?

A

to trap the sand

27
Q

embryo dune

A

a newly formed sand dune closest to the sea

28
Q

marram grass

A

a plant found in sand dunes that has long, binding roots

29
Q

crest

A

top of a sand dune

30
Q

windward slope

A

slope that faces the wind

31
Q

leeward slope

A

the slope that faces away from the wind

32
Q

dune slack

A

where there is a trough or low point in a line of dunes

33
Q

water table

A

the upper horizontal limit of wet sand

34
Q

describe a spit

A

-beaches joined to the coast at one end
-at their seaward end, shingle ridges form a series of recurves or hooks

35
Q

where do spits often develop?

A

across river mouths or where the direction of the coastline changes abruptly

36
Q

what process causes spits to form?

A

longshore drift

37
Q

what’s tucked away behind spits?

A

quiet backwaters that waves cannot reach, where tidal currents deposit fine silt and build up mudflats and salt marshes

38
Q

name some depositional landforms

A

-spits
-bars
-beach
-sand dunes

39
Q

describe bars

A

-bars are extended spits that join up to another headland

40
Q

how do bars form?

A

due to the lack of a strong river current that would wash the sediment away like in the tidal race of a spit

41
Q

give an example of a bar

A

Slapton Sands in Devon

42
Q

what is a tombolo?

A

when a spit extends and joins with an island

43
Q

what’s the difference between a barrier bar and a submerged bar?

A

a barrier bar touches the land and has a salt lagoon behind it whereas the submerged bar doesn’t

44
Q

what are the different types of coastal management?

A

-hard engineering
-soft engineering

45
Q

what are the different types of hard engineering?

A

-sea walls
-groynes
-rock armour
-gabions

46
Q

describe sea walls

A

a wall made out of a hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to the sea, placed at the top of the beach or the foot of the cliffs

47
Q

describe groynes

A

timber or rock structures built out to sea from the coast (at right angles), they trap sediment being moved along by longshore drift

48
Q

describe rock armour

A

pieces of large boulders dumped at the foot of the cliff, rocks force waves to break, absorbing their energy and protecting the cliffs

49
Q

describe gabions

A

wire cages filled with rocks that can be built up to support a cliff or provide a buffer against the sea

50
Q

what are the benefits of sea walls?

A

-effective against erosion
-gives a sense of security against flooding
-often has walkway or promenade for people to walk along

51
Q

what are the benefits of groynes?

A

-creates a wider beach which slows the waves, giving more protection which is beneficial for the tourists
-not too expensive
-useful structures for fishing