Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

FOG - 2

The location of the oral orifice of the Stenon’s duct (parotid gland’s duct):

A) in the vestible at the upper premolars’ region
B) in the cavum oris proprium( oral cavity) at the second upper molars
C) in the vestible at the upper canines’ region
D) in the vestible at the upper second molars
E) in the vestible at the upper first molars’ region

A

ANSWER
D) in the vestible at the upper second molars

EXPLANATION
The Stenon’s duct is the duct of the parotid gland it enters into the vestibule of the oral cavity at the upper second molars, creating a small nodule named as Caruncula

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2
Q

FOG-3
Which drug’s characteristic side effect is the dry mouth syndrome (Xersotomia)

A) Lidocain (lidocainium chloratum anhydricum)
B) Troparin (papaverinium sulfuricum + methylhomatropinum bromatum)
C) Papaverinum (papaverinium chloratum)
D) Eunoctin (nitrazepamum)
E) Tarivid (ofloxacinum)

A

ANSWER

B) Troparin (papaverinium sulfuricum + methylhomatropinum bromatum)

EXPLANATION
The Troparine’s side effect is the xerostomia ( see also FOG 27) The other listed drugs have no effect on the salivation

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3
Q

FOG - 4

The leading sign of the chronic osteomyelitis is:
A) sequestration
B) leukopenia
C) fibrinous exsudate
D) high fever
E) mostly associated with rheumatic complains

A

ANSWER
A) sequestration

EXPLANATION
The leading sign of the chronic osteomyelitis is the sequestration, the body’s chronic response. The other symptoms are characteristic to acute inflammation and or the inflammation of the cortical bone

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4
Q

FOG - 5
Which is a precancerous lesion?
A) fibromatosis gingivae
B) lingua pilosa nigra
C) Fordyce’s granules
D) geographic tongue
E) leukoplakia

A

ANSWER
E) leukoplakia

EXPLANATION
The leukoplakia (white plaque) is a premalignant lesion and the prevalence of malignant transformation is ranging between 2-6% (see also FOG.93) The other entities are not premalignant conditions

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5
Q

FOG - 6
The management of an abscess developed at deciduous teeth

A) immediate extraction
B) access cavity preparation with open therapy
C) access cavity preparation and putting a filling afterwards
D) the abscess is eliminated with a Volkmann curette
E) access cavity preparation and the abscess is drained and excavated

A

ANSWER
E) access cavity preparation and the abscess is drained and excavated

EXPLANATIONIt is no use to extract the deciduous molars – because of their space maintaining rolls. The filling is an inadequate therapy . The access cavity preparation or the drainage of the parulis will not solve the case. A comprehensive therapy should be performed.

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6
Q

FOG - 7
The consequence of the use of pacifier soaked in candy:

A) caries at the upper and lower central incisors
B) gingivitis
C) periodontitis
D) circular caries on the four upper deciduous incisors
E) all of them

A

ANSWER
D) circular caries on the four upper deciduous incisors

EXPLANATION
The pacifier soak in candy or the very sweet tea given from a bottle thru a nipple can cause very characteristic lesion- the so called circular caries. It is located on the upper deciduous incisors. A dark brown lesion develops around the cervical area of the crown, later a real decay is formed and can lead to crown fracture.

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7
Q

FOG - 8
It is a characteristic disease located on the soft palate:

A) aphthous stomatitis
B) herpangina
C) flue
D) morbilli ( measles)
E) pertussis (whooping cough )

A

ANSWER
B) herpangina

EXPLANATION
Only the vesicles of herpangina are located solely on the soft palate. The oral lesion associated with Morbilli (see FOG-1). The common flue and pertussis (whooping cough) have no characteristic oral symptoms. The aphthous stomatitis does not cause vesicle, it is an ulcer located on the lip, buccal mucosa the tongue or soft palate.

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8
Q

FOG - 9
The optimal fluoride intake at the age of one year :
A) should not be given
B) 0,05 mg
C) 0,3 mg
D) 0,1 mg
E) 1,0 mg

A

ANSWER
C) 0,3 mg

EXPLANATION
In a non fluoride supplemented environment the optimal dose that has caries protective effect, and does not damage the enamel and has no systemic side effects or poisoning effects is 0,3 mg. the 0,15-0,2x of the adult dose

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9
Q

FOG - 10
According to the Miller’s caries theory:

A) Adenylphosfate is provided by the saliva for the fermentation of carbohydrate in the dental plaque
B) The initial caries is caused by the bacterial penetration into the enamel
C) Lactic acid is produced in the dental plaque
D) A caries is mainly caused by anaerobic microorganisms
E) The protein content of the tooth is a decisive factor in the development of dental caries

A

ANSWER
C) Lactic acid is produced in the dental plaque

EXPLANATION
The father of the modern caries theory is Miller, according to this the cause of disease is the low acidic pH. In the dental plaque the Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius ferment the sugar and create lactic acid, as a consequence the plaque become acidic and the acids will solve- demonetize the enamel prism.

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10
Q

FOG - 11
What is characteristic of the so called cariogenic plaque?

A) It can develop on any tooth surface
B) its dominant bacterial flora is organized from lactobacilli and acidifying streptococci
C) it is bacterium-free
D) its pH is always above 6.3
E) in can be recognized by naked eye

A

ANSWER
B) its dominant bacterial flora is organized from lactobacilli and acidifying streptococci

EXPLANATION
Cariogenic plaque can only be formed on the so called non self-cleaning tooth surfaces. The plaque contains several different microbial species that sometimes can only be detected by plaque disclosing agents (see –also FOG 110)

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11
Q

FOG - 14
The optimal fluoride content of table salt

A) 1,25 mg/kg
B) 250 mg/kg
C) 25 mg/kg
D) 50 mg/kg
E) 150 mg/kg

A

ANSWER
B) 250 mg/kg

EXPLANATION
In the Hungarian cuisine 250mg/kg fluoridated table salt has an equivalent protective effect like a 1mg/l fluoridated water. The 150mg/kg content is only a supplement and the lower doses have no caries protective effects.

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12
Q

FOG - 15
What is the cause of the gingival enlargement in leukaemia ?

A) infiltration by malignant cells
B) reactive fibrosis
C) haemangioma
D) capillary rigidity
E) neither of them

A

ANSWER
A) infiltration by malignant cells

EXPLANATION
The early sign of acute leukemia is the swelling of the interdental gingiva, the spontaneously bleeds ,and finally necrotized creating ulcers. (see also FOG-1) It is caused by the infiltrating malignant hematological cells

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13
Q

FOG - 16
The management of pregnancy gingivitis :

A) gingivoplasty
B) topical metronidazole application
C) broad spectrum antibiotics
D) improved oral hygiene
E) neither of them

A

ANSWER
D) improved oral hygiene

EXPLANATION
The gingivitis was considered as one of the physiological symptoms of the pregnancy hormonal changes. After delivery and the finish of lactation it well recede but only the prefect oral hygiene can cure the disease. Medication or surgery is contraindicated. The best remedy is the perfect oral hygiene even during pregnancy

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14
Q

FOG - 17
The characteristic sign of pulpal hyperemia :

A) cold water will alleviate pain
B) the tooth is sensitive to percussion
C) it is a reversibly phenomenon
D) it is an irreversibly phenomenon
E) it is caused by antihypertensive drugs

A

ANSWER
C) it is a reversibly phenomenon

EXPLANATION
The inflammatory hyperemia leads to the elevation of the blood pressure in the pulp chamber, this irritates the cells. The very sudden sharp pain can spontaneously recede. If it frequently returns it sooner or later will progress to pulpitis. It is the irreversibly damage of the dental pulp. The thermal insults can aggravate the process, sensitivity to percussion is not experienced.

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15
Q

FOG - 18
The salivary flow will not enhanced :

A) Sjögren’s syndrome
B) acute heavy metal poisoning
C) during dental treatment
D) trigeminal neuralgia
E) in epileptic attack

A

ANSWER
A) Sjögren’s syndrome

EXPLANATION.
The mechanical, chemical and neurogenic stimuli can enhance the salivation. In this way the B,C.D are associated with elevated flow rate. The Sjogren’s disease , the autoimmune disease of the major salivary glands is associated with severe xresotomia. In this disease the mouth is totally dry and salivation cannot be stimulated.

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16
Q

FOG - 19
The biological effect of vitamin-A on the oral mucosa :

A) inflammation
B) increased keratinization
C) atrophy
D) hyperplasa
E) angular cheilitis

A

ANSWER
B) increased keratinization

EXPLANATION
In vitamin-A deficiency –the is considered as an epithelial protective vitamin increased mucous membrane keratinization occurs. The other lesions listed are not directly associated with the vitamin-A deficiency.

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17
Q

FOG - 20
It is not characteristic of ostitis alveolaris (dry socket) :

A) oral malodor
B) inflammation around the alveolar socket
C) severe pain at the day of extraction
D) general malaise
E) fever

A

ANSWER
C) severe pain at the day of extraction

EXPLANATION
The dry socket (alveolar ostitis) develops a couple of days after the extraction. Its main cause is the early degradation of the blood clot or the insufficient blood clot formation in the socket.

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18
Q

FOG - 21
Usually the nearest tooth to the basis of the maxillary sinus is:

A) the upper wisdom tooth
B) the palatal root of the upper first premolar
C) the upper second molar
D) the distal root of the upper second premolar
E) the upper first molar

A

ANSWER
C) the upper second molar

EXPLANATION
Usually in 45% of the cases the upper second molars’ roots are in the nearest position to the alveolar recess of the maxillary sinus. Sometimes the sinus floor protrudes into the interradicular area between the mesial and palatal roots. The next is the first molar (30%) and followed by the wisdom tooth (27%) according to the approximation. It is very rare that the sinus protrudes until the apex of the first premolar

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19
Q

FOG - 22
What does it mean „ the completion of the dental arch” ?

A) the eruption of the wisdom tooth
B) the eruption of a mesiodens
C) the eruption of a supernumeraly tooth
D) the eruption of the lower first permanent molar
E) all of them

A

ANSWER
D) the eruption of the lower first permanent molar

EXPLANATION
During the eruption of the first permanent molars the dental arch built up of 5 teeth by quadrants will be completed, in this way those teeth will not be exploited or changed and any damage on those teeth will be irreversible. Therefore those teeth need more attention and care from the dentist and parents.

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20
Q

FOG - 23
The characteristic sing of periodontal abscess :

A) develops after the obturation of the orifice of the pocket
B) strong pulsating pain
C) the involved tooth has vital sign
D) a putrid charge from the sulcus
E) all of them

A

ANSWER
E) all of them

EXPLANATION
All the symptoms are characteristic of periodontal abscesses. The pyogenic exudates in the closed pocket will increase the pressure and this leads to acute pain and many ties can mimic the symptoms of the periapical abscess. On the other hand the tooth is vital . With pressing the pocket wall puss can be discharged from the sulcus. The location of the periodontal abscess helps the differential diagnosis, to differentiate from the acute periapical abscess. It is closer to the gingival margin than to the apex. It is usually smaller and can be drained thru the sulcus.

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21
Q

The oral signs and symptoms of AIDS :

A) Kaposi-sarcoma
B) severe progressing periodontitis
C) leukoplakia
D) candidiasis
E) all of them

A

ANSWER
E) all of them

EXPLANATION
All the listed conditions might associate with AIDS, their cause is the severely compromised immune status of the patient

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22
Q

FOG - 25
The lidocain cartridge/ampoule commercially delivered for dental anesthesia as

A) Inj. Lidocain 1% – Adrenalin 0,01%
B) Inj. Lidocain 2% – Adrenalin 0,1%
C) Inj. Lidocain 2% – Adrenalin 0,01%
D) Inj. Lidocain 2% – Adrenalin 0,001%
E) Inj. Lidocain 1% – Adrenalin 0,02%

A

ANSWER
D) Inj. Lidocain 2% – Adrenalin 0,001%

EXPLANATION
For dental infiltration and block anesthesia –unless the administration of adrenalin (epinephrine) contraindicated the proper anesthesia can be achieved with injections containing 2% lidocain (xilocain) +0,001% adrenalin. The commercial unit dose is 2 ml in brown ampoule. In general surgery 1 and 2% lidocain is used without epinephrine., but this has no adequate analgesic effect is dentistry . It can only be used for superficial soft tissue anesthesia for a short period of time. The reason is the special vascularisation of the oral tissues and the compact bony structure .

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23
Q

FOG - 26
salivary enzymes

1) proteases
2) maltase
3) lipase
4) amylase

A) 1., 2. and 3. answers are correct
B) 1. and 3. answers are correct
C) 2. and 4. answers are correct
D) only the 4. answer is correct
E) all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
C) 2. and 4. answers are correct

EXPLANATION
In the oral cavity the fermentation of the carbohydrates are started by the salivary enzymes. If a carbohydrate containing foodstuff - like bread stays in the oral cavity for a relatively long time due to the fermentation it will be sweet. The metabolism of fat and proteins starts only in the deeper part of the GI system.

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24
Q

Drugs decreasing salivary flow rate

1) homatropine
2) scopolamine
3) atropine
4) noscapine

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct

EXPLANATION
The tropeins ( a structure made up by the condensation of a pyridine and pirolidine ring) even in therapeutic dose cause xerostomia, dray through, thirst and mydriasis. This sometimes can be used for the transitory inhibition of the salivation. This is very useful during impression taking or special oral exams.

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25
Q

What can cause chronic glossitis ?

1) candidasis
2) diabetes mellitus
3) avitaminosis
4) hemophilia

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct

EXPLANATION
The chronic glossitis is much more common than the acute one. Associated with systemic diseases the glossitis cannot be cured without controlling the background disease. The most common causes are: pernicious anemia, vitamin-B deficiency, gastrointestinal ailments candidiasis and diabetes mellitus.

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26
Q

FOG - 29
The characteristics of Pierre–Robin-syndrome

1) glossoptosis
2) micrognathia
3) palatoschisis
4) coarctatio aortae

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct

EXPLANATION
The Pierre Robin syndrome (palatoschisis, micrognathia and glossoptosis) is a congenital hereditary condition. Its typical sign is the gothic palate, which frequently associated with palatourano-staphyloschisis . The lower jaw is underdeveloped and the tongue is in a retro position .

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27
Q

FOG - 30
Which can be a permanent trism ?

1) myogen
2) ankylosis
3) spastic
4) osteogen

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
C) if 2. and 4. are correct

EXPLANATION
The myogenic and spastic trismus (lockjaw) might suddenly develops and usually transitory and reversible. The ankylosis and osteogenic trismus slowly develops . The most common causes: The juvenile injuries can cause hematoma in the joint that can later maturate and finally ossifys.. In extreme cases a typical bird like face develops. In adulthood the chronic rheumatoid arthritis or other degenerative diseases like Marie—Stümpfell-spondylitis can lead to irreversible trismus

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28
Q

FOG - 31
The characteristic sign of amelogenesis imperfecta

1) a disturbed enamel development
2) many times the total enamel coverage is missing on the crown of the tooth
3) this affects both the disturbed matrix formation and the calcification
4) it occurs only in the permanent teeth

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct

EXPLANATION
The amelogenesis imperfecta is a developmental disease the affects only the structure of the enamel and not the form of the crown. It is characteristic that the developing enamel is porous, soft, matt. It warns down easily and turns to brown.

29
Q

FOG - 33
The characteristic signs of Down-syndrome

1) hyper salivation
2) microglossia
3) small teeth
4) very wide upper dental arch

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
B) if 1. and 3. are correct

EXPLANATION
Down’s syndrome is a chromosomal aberration. Its general syndromes associate with characteristic facial features. Macroglossia, hypopastic teeth, and at least in 90% orthodontic abnormalities -like open bite, cross bite occur

30
Q

FOG - 36
It is characteristic of the forceps used for the removal of an upper fractured root

1) the beaks closely approximate each other
2) the beaks are a straight continuation of the hinge
3) the beaks set in a wide angle to the hinge
4) the width of the beaks are divided and pointed

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
E) if all the answers are correct

EXPLANATION
The beaks of the root tip forceps meet the tip. For upper front teeth the beaks are symmetrical and placed in the same line as the handle. For molars the beaks are at the wide angle to the handle. The size of the beaks are variable according to the diameter of the root.

31
Q

FOG - 37
The symptoms of dental caries at a vital tooth :

1) sensitive to cold
2) softened dentine
3) it is sensitive to osmotic attack
4) sensitive to percussion

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct

EXPLANATION
The caries depending of its progression shows different symptoms . The early sign of the enamel caries is the sensitivity to osmotic and thermal (cold, hot) stimuli. The dentin caries due to the further demineralisation affects the decalcified structures. Although the pathology involving only the hart tissues of the teeth will not lead to sensitivity to percussion.

32
Q

FOG - 38
Drugs causing gingival hyperplasia

1) major tranquilizer drugs
2) penicillin group
3) minor tranquilizer drugs
4) dilantin –hydantoin group

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
D) only the 4th answer is correct

EXPLANATION
Gingival hyperplasia can be side effects of many different drugs. One of them the dilantine (hydantoin) groups given to patients with epilepsy. After one or two months administration might cause gingival enlargement, The fibrotic tissues with minimal tendency to bleed sometime might cover the whole crows interfering with chewing. The proper oral hygiene in this case is very important.

33
Q

FOG - 40
The symptoms of sinus apertus:

1) when the patient rinses the mouth the water flows out through the nose
2) strong arterial bleeding
3) when blowing the patient’s nose the air flows through the perforation into the oral cavity creating a whistling noise
4) an extensive hematoma

A) 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
B) 1st and 3rd answers are correct
C) 2nd and 4th answers are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
B) 1st and 3rd answers are correct

EXPLANATION
The characteristic feature of the sinus apertus is the antro-oral communication – the water/air pathological communication between the to cavities. The air can enter into the oral cavity from the nose, and the water from the oral cavity into the nose. Hematoma is not a common characteristic sign.

34
Q

FOG - 41
The symptoms of Arthrosis temporomandibularis

1) compromised opening movement
2) swollen joints
3) terminal crepitation
4) deviation towards the diseased joint

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
B) if 1. and 3. are correct

EXPLANATION
The degenerative processes associated with swelling. The opening of the mouth is compromised and the forced opening movement leads to pain. Histologically the destruction of the cartilage, calcification and sever other structural destructions can be detected. The crepitation is the most prominent early morning.

35
Q

FOG - 43
It is characteristic to the central midface bone fracture:

1) diplopia
2) swollen face
3) nasal bleeding
4) liquour discharge

A) 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
B) 1st and 3rd answers are correct
C) 2nd and 4th answers are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
A) 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct

EXPLANATION
The Le Fore II mid-facial fracture usually involves the bones of the orbital basis , the bones move caudally and therefore diplopia develops. The soft tissue injury leads to sudden swelling of the face, because the mimic muscle have no fascia sheets. The nasal bleeding is also a common sing. This fracture does not involves the cranial bones. The liquour discharge is not common-

36
Q

FOG - 46
The characteristic sign of mandibular fracture

1) diplopia
2) the dental arch continuity is broken
3) xerostomia
4) traumatic occlusion

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
C) if 2. and 4. are correct

EXPLANATION
In case of mandibular fractures the bones due to the muscle pull will be partially or totally dislocated. Characteristic the traumatic occlusion caused by the vertical displacement of the bones and the deformation of the dental arch due to the horizontal movement of the fractured bones. Diplopia and xersotomia does not occur as a side effect of mandibular fractures.

37
Q

FOG - 48
The characteristic sign of acute periodontitis

1) the pain is exacerbated when the patient goes to bed
2) sensitivity to percussion
3) a sudden swelling around the tooth
4) when closing the mouth a sharp pain evoked when occluding the teeth

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
C) if 2. and 4. are correct

EXPLANATION
The acute periapical periodontitis is sensitive to percussion and also to occlusal contact. The inflammatory exudates elevates the root from the alveolar socket ant the patients feels the involved tooth erupted. The mechanism of the pain sensation is that if the root is pressed into the inflamed tissue it reacts with severe pain. The pain occurring when the patient is a laid down position is the consequence of the pulpal hyperemia and acute pulpits. It is cause by the elevated blood pressure. The sudden swelling around tooth is a characteristic sing of periodontal inflammation

38
Q

FOG - 49
In case of a closed pulpitis the anatomical situation are very disadvantageous from the inflammation point of view

1) The volume of the closed pulp cannot be expanded and one of the leading sign of any inflammations is the swelling
2) In inflammation in a closed system the inflammatory swelling leads to a pressure increase in the tissues
3) the active hyperemia is followed by a passive venous hyperemia that leads to increased pressure and finally stasis in the pulp
4) the stasis arrest the circulation in the pulp that finally results in tissue necrosis

A) if 1., 2. and 3. are correct
B) if 1. and 3. are correct
C) if 2. and 4. are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) if all the answers are correct

A

ANSWER
E) if all the answers are correct

EXPLANATION
An inflammation process in a closed space by the concomitant swelling will evidently lead to tissue pressure increase. The listed signs are all the causative factors or the consequences of this mechanism

39
Q

FOG-51-53
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) enamel
B) dentin
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 51 - It continuously growth throughout the life
FOG - 52 - Its major histological component is the hydroxyapatite.
FOG - 53 - Its structure is highly vascularised .

A

ANSWER

FOG - 51 - It continuously growth throughout the life - B)
FOG - 52 - Its major histological component is the hydroxyapatite. - A)
FOG - 53 - Its structure is highly vascularised . - D)

40
Q

FOG-54-57
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.
A) periodontitis apicalis acuta
B) periodontitis apicalis chronica
C) all of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 54 - It can be symptom less for a long period of time
FOG - 55 - The affected tooth is erupted from the alveolar socket
FOG - 56 - Characteristic the severe pain occurring in intermittent attacks
FOG - 57 - It can be attributed to the a consequence of dental caries

A

ANSWER

FOG - 54 - It can be symptom less for a long period of time - B)
FOG - 55 - The affected tooth is erupted from the alveolar socket - A)
FOG - 56 - Characteristic the severe pain occurring in intermittent attacks - D)
FOG - 57 - It can be attributed to the a consequence of dental caries - C)

41
Q

FOG-58-61
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) caries media
B) caries penetrans
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 58 - It occurs only in the enamel .
FOG - 59 - It affects the pulp chamber .
FOG - 60 - It affects both the enamel and dentin
FOG - 61 - It affects only the dentin .

A

ANSWER
FOG - 58 - It occurs only in the enamel . - D)
FOG - 59 - It affects the pulp chamber . - B)
FOG - 60 - It affects both the enamel and dentin - A)
FOG - 61 - It affects only the dentin . - D)

42
Q

FOG-62-67
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) fixed dentures (restorations)
B) partial removable dentures
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 62 - The restoration occupies more space in the oral cavity than natural teeth
FOG - 63 - In can be made without the damage of the natural teeth (the preparation of tooth structure)
FOG - 64 - It is fixed on the remaining natural teeth .
FOG - 65 - In can be made even in the case of total edentulousness .
FOG - 66 - It can be cleaned easily .
FOG - 67 - It can also be made in case of patient with a tendency to seizures

A

ANSWER
FOG - 62 - The restoration occupies more space in the oral cavity than natural teeth - B)
FOG - 63 - In can be made without the damage of the natural teeth (the preparation of tooth structure) - B)
FOG - 64 - It is fixed on the remaining natural teeth . - C)
FOG - 65 - In can be made even in the case of total edentulousness . - D)
FOG - 66 - It can be cleaned easily . - B)
FOG - 67 - It can also be made in case of patient with a tendency to seizures - A)

43
Q

FOG-68-70
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) periapical abscess
B) periodontal abscess
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 68 - Increased tooth mobility.
FOG - 69 - It can develop only from periodontal pockets
FOG - 70 - It develops after the necrosis of the dental pulp .

A

ANSWER
FOG - 68 - Increased tooth mobility. - C)
FOG - 69 - It can develop only from periodontal pockets - D)
FOG - 70 - It develops after the necrosis of the dental pulp . - A)

44
Q

FOG-71-74
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) It is characteristic of pregnancy gingivitis
B) It is characteristic of acute ulcerative gingivitis
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 71 - It can be cured by restoring proper oral hygiene.
FOG - 72 - It theoretically can develop without the presence of dental plaque .
FOG - 73 - In its patomechanism the embolisation of the small blood vessels plays important role
FOG - 74 - If it is not treated on time it will lead to irreversible tissue defect

A

ANSWER
FOG - 71 - It can be cured by restoring proper oral hygiene. - C)
FOG - 72 - It theoretically can develop without the presence of dental plaque . - D)
FOG - 73 - In its patomechanism the embolisation of the small blood vessels plays important role - B)
FOG - 74 - If it is not treated on time it will lead to irreversible tissue defect - B)

45
Q

FOG-75-78
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) rhinogenic sinusitis
B) odontogenic sinusitis
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 75 - Usually both extends to the both side of the maxillary sinus
FOG - 76 - It gives a positive radiological image
FOG - 77 - Its characteristic syndrome is the severe facial swelling .
FOG - 78 - Touching the area of the infraorbital nerves in the infraorbital foramen can provoke pain attacks

A

ANSWER
FOG - 75 - Usually both extends to the both side of the maxillary sinus - A)
FOG - 76 - It gives a positive radiological image - C)
FOG - 77 - Its characteristic syndrome is the severe facial swelling . - D)
FOG - 78 - Touching the area of the infraorbital nerves in the infraorbital foramen can provoke pain attacks - D)

46
Q

FOG-79-82
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.
A) acute osteomyelitis
B) chronic osteomyelitis
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 79 - Characteristic radiological findings .
FOG - 80 - Patient has a severe malaise .
FOG - 81 - The shivering and septic fever are very common .
FOG - 82 - Antibiotics should be administered.

A

ANSWER
FOG - 79 - Characteristic radiological findings . - B)
FOG - 80 - Patient has a severe malaise . - A)
FOG - 81 - The shivering and septic fever are very common . - A)
FOG - 82 - Antibiotics should be administered. - C)

47
Q

FOG-83-86
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) gingival hyperplasia
B) granuloma fissuratum
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 83 - It belongs to the fibrous hyperplasia group of diseases
FOG - 84 - It is the sign of systemic disease .
FOG - 85 - Its frequent cause is the irritating effect of the ill fitting denture .
FOG - 86 - It is frequently associated with hydantoin derivates used in the therapy of epilepsy

A

ANSWER
FOG - 83 - It belongs to the fibrous hyperplasia group of diseases - C)
FOG - 84 - It is the sign of systemic disease . - D)
FOG - 85 - Its frequent cause is the irritating effect of the ill fitting denture . - B)
FOG - 86 - It is frequently associated with hydantoin derivates used in the therapy of epilepsy - A)

48
Q

FOG-87-90
Join the given words marked with letters to the proper numbers below.

A) dental implant
B) natural root
C) both of them
D) neither of them

FOG - 87 - It is anchored in the jawbones.
FOG - 88 - It is an abutment of fixed restorations.
FOG - 89 - it is an anchoring element.
FOG - 90 - it is fixed by connective tissue.

A

ANSWER
FOG - 87 - It is anchored in the jawbones. - C)
FOG - 88 - It is an abutment of fixed restorations. - C)
FOG - 89 - it is an anchoring element. - D)
FOG - 90 - it is fixed by connective tissue. - C)

49
Q

FOG - 91
The diabetes is a risk factor in periodontal disease BECAUSE it can cause odontoblast resorption

A) Both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) Both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) The statement is true the reason is false
D) The statement is false the reason is true
E) Both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
C) The statement is true the reason is false

EXPLANATION
The diabetic patients are more susceptibly to infections because of a decreased immune resistance. One of the cause of the different oral lesions and periodontitis is the microvasculopathy and the other is the dehydration of the tissues. The resorption of the odontoblastic cells are not causative factors and this does not occur at all.

50
Q

FOG - 92
The cholinesterase inhibitors enhance the salivation, BECAUSE it will cause acetylcholine accumulation at the parasympathetic nerve endings

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement

EXPLANATION
The parasympathetic response enhances the salivary secretion. The sympatholythic drugs, such as the cholinestherase inhibitors enhances the acetylcholine accumulation and in this way can stimulate the salivation.

51
Q

FOG - 93
The leukoplakia is a precancerous lesion on the oral mucosa THERFORE it treatment is mandatory in any cases

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
One of the white lesions of the oral cavity , the leukoplakia –depending of its clinical type and histology can lead to cancer formation (3-36%) (the average incidence is 2-6%). Therefore they should be treated by specialists

52
Q

FOG - 94
The juvenile periodontal disease can be managed BECAUSE it is always caused only by local etiologic factors.

A) Both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
C) the statement is true the reason is false

EXPLANATION
In childhood the juvenile periodontitis is mostly associated with severe systemic diseases but the local causative factors (dental plaque bacteria) are also important factors in the aetiology. Depending of the systemic background disease its management and therapy can be successful

53
Q

FOG - 95
During the mix dentition period even the symptom less non vital deciduous teeth are maintained BECAUSE its space maintenance role is important in the development of the permanent dental arch.

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
In case of the deciduous tooth’s preterm extraction due to the migration and shifting of the neighbouring teeth the erupting permanent teeth cannot fit properly in the dental arch. Gamed crowding dentition is formed and the tooth erupts either in extra-or intraocclusal position. Therefore in the period of mixed dentition space maintenance appliance should be used.

54
Q

FOG - 96
The incipient carious lesion can heal by” restitution ad integrum” after topical fluorid therapies BECAUSE the initial demineralization is reversible

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
The incipient caries is a superficial demineralisation on the surface of enamel. If the saliva contains sufficient substrates ( calcium, phosphate and fluoride) and the pH in the local environment is beneficial for remineralisation the lesion can heal with “restitution ad integrum” (See also FOG-50)

55
Q

FOG - 97
The dental caries is a fluoride deficiency disease BECAUSE the fluoride integrated into dental enamel can increase the acid resistance .

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
D) the statement is false the reason is true

EXPLANATION
The caries is definitely not the consequence of the fluoride ion deficiency . Although the fluoride ions incorporated into the hydroxyapatite can facilitate the acid resistance by decreasing the acid solubility of the crystals (this is the so called dispositional prophylaxis)

56
Q

FOG - 98
Even the extraction of a single tooth can lead to severe discrepancy in the articulation BECAUSE the contact point system is disrupted

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
Excepting the extraction of the wisdom teeth (no 8) even a single missing tooth can upset the harmonious occlusion leading to a disturbed articulation. One of the reason of this phenomena is the disruption of the contact point system (the contacts between the interproximal tooth surfaces) and the concomitant tooth migration, tilting and over eruption of the involved tooth.

57
Q

FOG - 99
The small arteriole on the dental pulp do not form an anastomosis THEREFOR they are functionally terminal arteriole .

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
D) the statement is false the reason is true

EXPLANATION
The pulpal blood vessels of multi-rooted teeth can anastamose in the pulp chamber. Because functional collateral circulation does not exist in the pup if one of the arteriole gets blocked none of the other can substitute and restore the circulation. In this way the pulpal arteriole are considered as terminal arteriole.

58
Q

FOG - 100
The dental caries is a fluoride deficiency disease THEREFOR the fluoridation has a caries protective role

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
D) the statement is false the reason is true

EXPLANATION
The caries is definitely not the consequence of the fluoride ion deficiency . Although the fluoride ions incorporated into the hydroxyapatite can facilitate the acid resistance by decreasing the acid solubility of the crystals (this is the so called dispositional prophylaxis)

59
Q

FOG - 101
The sorbit is a tooth protective carbohydrate BECAUSE it facilitate the adhesion of the oral microorganisms

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
C) the statement is true the reason is false

EXPLANATION
The fermentation of the sugar-alcohols (sorbit, xilit) is not so rapid in the oral cavity than the saccharose, therefore those are considered as tooth protective sugars. The plaque forming capacity is also limited and therefore will not facilitate the adhesion of the plaque forming bacteria.

60
Q

FOG - 102
The tooth with a fistula will never cause swelling in the face BECAUSE the excaudate can be drained through the fistula tract .

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
D) the statement is false the reason is true

EXPLANATION
The derange thru the fistula tract can be influenced by several factors, in this way the nature of the inflammatory exudates, the consistency of the pus and its viscosity. The direction of the progression and spread of disease and the spontaneous discharge or the development and the size of the facial oedema are essentially determined by the tissue pressures

61
Q

FOG - 103
The dental restorations cause irritation in the oral cavity THEREFORE all dental restorations should be changed after a certain period of time

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them

EXPLANATION
The dental restorations can be chemical, mechanical and electrochemical irritativ factors even immediately at insertion or later during its use. The amortisation of the restoration or the continuous change of the morphology of the biological base make it necessary to periodically change the dentures even if it actually does not cause any harm to the patients

62
Q

FOG - 104
Even the loss of a single tooth can lead to severe secondary consequences THEREFORE all missing teeth should be completed

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
C) the statement is true the reason is false

EXPLANATION
Even the lack of a single tooth – i.e. upper incisor - can cause severe functional and psychological disturbances ( like speech disorder, or aesthetics). A tooth missing from the lateral dental arch can cause other type of functional problems (see- FOG 98). Nevertheless the missing wisdom tooth will not create and disturbances in the occlusion. Even the missing second molars can be accepted and do not indicate any prosthodontic rehabilitation

63
Q

FOG - 105
The forceps used for the extraction of the upper molars are in pairs (left and right) because the maxillary first and second molars have two buccal roots

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
The maxillary molars have three roots one of them located palatally and the two other buccally. Consequently the buccal beaks of crown forceps are divided and tipped. It is because of the symmetry we need a left and a right upper molar forceps.

64
Q

FOG - 106
The caries is a disease that occurs on certain predilection areas on the teeth THREFOR it very infrequently develops the self-cleaning tooth surfaces .

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
The development of dental caries is caused by massive plaque accumulation. On the so called self cleansing tooth surfaces where the saliva flushing effect , and the continuous abrasion by the foodstuff anticipate the pathogenic plaque formation practically no carious lesions develop. (see also FOG-11)

65
Q

FOG - 107
The juvenile caries develops mostly on the smooth approximal surfaces BECAUSE here the tooth is not self-cleaning and its cleaning is also very difficult

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
D) the statement is false the reason is true

EXPLANATION
The interdental embrasure spaces, the approximal smooth surfaces are really non self-cleansing surfaces and its mechanical cleaning is also difficult. Despite of these facts in young individuals the pit and fissure caries is more frequent and the approximal caries is more common in young adults.

66
Q

FOG - 108
The superficial caries cannot heal neither with nonspecific or specific scare formation BECASUE the enamel is biologically does not carry any metabolic activity

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
The ameloblast cells during the development of enamel are calcified and totally embedded into the enamel prisms. The fully matured enamel shows only certain physico-chemical “metabolisms” (demineraisation-remineralsation) It is also called as “bradytop tissue” It cannot be repaired by any other type of tissues

67
Q

FOG - 109
The stability of an upper full denture is more problematic BECAUSE the gravitation acts against the stabilization

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
D) the statement is false the reason is true

EXPLANATION
The retentive factors of the upper full dentures – the adhesion, suction, anatomical retention usually enhance the stability and stabilization of the restoration In case of a lower full denture the possibilities of the retentive beneficial factors are limited . The gravity is naturally acts against the stability and adhesion but the denture plates made of acrylic is very light and do not act against the stability .

68
Q

FOG - 110
The dental plaque generally is matching the shade of teeth THERFOR the detection and visualization of dental plaque can be improved by using plaque disclosing agents (either tablets or solutions)

A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.
B) both the statement and the reason are true ,but there is no relation between them
C) the statement is true the reason is false
D) the statement is false the reason is true
E) both the statement and the reason are false

A

ANSWER
A) both the statement and the reason are true, and the reason verifies the statement.

EXPLANATION
If the dental debris is transitory and the foodstuffs do not cause any discoloration in the plaque its visual detection is complicated. Therefore some plaque disclosing agents – like erythrosine or basic fuchsine tablets or liquids are used to detect plaque. This not only helps plaque diagnosis but also assists the patients to control the proper oral hygiene and improve tooth-brushing techniques.