Dental Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The study of body structure
What is physiology?
The study of how the body functions
What is the anatomic(al) position?
The body is erect, face forward, feet together, and arms hanging to the side with palms forward
What are planes?
Imaginary lines to divide the body into sections
What is the midsagittal/median/midline plane?
Vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
What is the sagittal plane?
Any vertical plane parallel to the midline that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
What is the horizontal/transverse plane?
Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior)
What is the frontal/coronal plane?
Any vertical plane at a right angle to the midsagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
What are stem cells?
Immature, unspecialized cells that can become other types of cells in the body
What are the two types of stem cells?
Embryonic and adult
Where do embryonic stem cells come from? What’s their purpose?
Come from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in a test tube
Used for research purposes
Where do adult stem cells come from? What’s their purpose?
Can be found in the tissues of both adults and children
Used to make a distinction from the embryonic stem cell
What are the four main tissues types in the human body?
Epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle
What is the epithelial tissue? What is the purpose?
A covering for the external and internal body surfaces
Provide protection, produce secretions, and regulate the passage of material across them
What is the connective tissue?
Major support material of the body
Provides support for the body and connects its organs and tissues
What is the muscle tissue? What about skeletal muscles?
Has the ability to lengthen and shorten to move body parts
Skeletal muscles are either voluntary or involuntary
What does the nerve tissue do? Where is it found?
Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body functions
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
What is an organ?
Several tissues working together to perform a single function
What is a body system?
Composed of a group of organs that work together to perform a major function to keep the body functional
What is a body cavity?
Space or areas in the body where various structures and organs are found
What are the two body cavities?
Dorsal: Posterior portion of the body
Ventral: Anterior portion of the body
What are the two parts of dorsal cavity?
Spinal canal: contains the spinal cord
Cranial cavity: contains the brain
What are the three parts of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic cavity: contains the lungs, the heart, and accessory parts
Abdominal cavity: includes most of the digestive tract and accessory part
Pelvic cavity: Contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive system
What is the axial skeleton? What is the function?
80/206 bones
Consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory
What is the appendicular skeleton? What is the function?
126/206 bones
Consists of the upper extremities and shoulder area plus the lower extremities and the pelvic area
Protects the organs of digestion and reproduction
How many bones does the skull consist of?
28
The face is 14, cranium is 8, 3 in each ear
What is the bone/osseous tissue composed of?
Connective tissue
Organic component - the cells and matrix
Inorganic component - minerals
What minerals are bones made of? What do they do?
Calcium and phosphate
Give rigidity to bone
Act as reservoirs to maintain essential blood mineral concentration when the body’s supply is inadequate
What are the three layers of bone?
- periosteum
- compact
- cancellous bone and marrow
What is the periosteum? Explain its inner layer.
The first layer of bone:
- Thin layer of whitish connective tissue
- Contains nerves, blood vessels
- The inner layer is loose connective tissue that contains osteoblasts
- Anchored to bone by Sharpey’s fibers
What does the periosteum contain?
Blood vessels and nerves
The inner layer contains osteoblasts
How is the periosteum anchored to the bone?
Sharpey’s fibers
What is the compact bone? What does it form?
The strong and hard section of the bone
Forms main shaft of long bones and outer layer of other bones
What is the cancellous bone?
Found inside the bone
Lighter in weight
Not as strong as compact bone
What is bone marrow?
Gelatinous material that produces red and white blood cells, and platelets (help stop bleeding)
What is cartilage?
Found where bones join together
A tough, nonvascular connective tissue
What is a joint/articulation?
An area where two or more bones meet at a junction?
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What is a fibrous joint? What is a suture?
Immovable joint
A suture is the jagged line at which bones articulate (eg. skull plates connection)
What is a cartilaginous joint? Name an example.
Made of connective tissue and cartilage
Move very slightly
(eg. joints between the vertebrae)
What is a synovial joint?
Movable joints
Most common joints in the body
Some are lined with a bursa, filled with synovial fluid
What is a bursa?
A fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid that acts as a cushion
What is the most common joint in the body?
Synovial joint
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
Allow for movements such as flexion, extension, and limited rotation
What is a hinge joint?
Allow movement in only one direction similar to a door hinge
What is a glide joint?
Allow the bones to slide
What is a pivot joint?
Allows the head to rotate
What is a saddle joint?
Allows touching the thumbs to the fingers
What are gomphoses? What is an example?
Specialized joints that allow only very slight movement
(eg. attaches tooth to the socket)
What system makes up 30-40% of the total body weight?
Muscular system
How many muscles are in the muscular system?
More than 600
What are the three types of muscles?
Striated, smooth, and cardiac
What are striated muscles? What’s the function?
Long thin cells that are striped
Provides external body movement from facial expression to bike riding
Voluntary muscles
What type of muscle tissue has the largest amount?
Striated
What is the only muscle group that an individual has conscious control over?
Striated muscle
What is smooth muscle?
Nonstriated tissue
Found in internal organs except heart
Involuntary muscle
What is the cardiac muscle?
Same striped appearance as skeletal muscle
Involuntary
Only found in heart
Why do physiologists think the reason cardiac muscle is so durable?
Combines the power of striated with the reliability of smooth
What is muscle origin?
The place where the muscle ends
What are the 3 systems in the cardiovascular system?
- circulatory
- heart
- lymphatic
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
- Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, CO2 and waste from cells, and hormones and antibodies throughout the body
- Regulates body temperature and maintains chemical stability
What are the three layers of the heart?
Pericardium: outer layer that is a double-walled sac
Myocardium: tough muscular wall
Endocardium: thin lining on the inside
Where does the right side of the heart send blood to?
The lungs
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to?
The rest of the body, except lungs
How many chambers are in the heart?
4 (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
What is the function of the atria?
Receive blood
What is the function of the ventricles?
Pump blood
Where is the tricuspid valve located? How many cusps?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Three ‘cusps’
Where is the mitral valve located? How many cusps?
Found between the left atrium and left ventricle
Two-cusps
What do the flaps of semilunar valves look like?
Three crescent shaped flaps
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located? What does it do?
Allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
Where is the aortic semilunar valve located? What does it do?
Allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Explain the path of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
Superior and inferior venae cavae
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
The lungs
What are the largest veins?
Superior and inferior venae cavae
What type of blood vessel sends blood away from the heart to all regions of the body?
Arteries
What type of blood vessel sends waste-filled blood back to the heart? How?
Veins, using a low-pressure collecting system
What type of blood vessels form a system of microscopic vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems?
Capillaries, with a slow flow
What is hematology?
The study of blood
How much blood is in the body? What’s the percentage?
4-5L
8% of body weight
What are the three main functions of blood?
- Transportation of nutrients, gases, waste, and hormones
- Regulation of the amount of body fluids, pH balance, and body temperature
- Protection against pathogens and blood loss through clotting
What are the three ingredients of blood?
Erythrocytes: red blood cells
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Plasma
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
Contains hemoglobin which carries oxygen
What is the function of leukocytes?
White blood cells
Protects the body from infection and disease
What is plasma? What is it made of?
A straw-colored fluid
Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste
91% water
9% proteins, including albumin and globulin
What are the main blood types?
A, AB, B, O
What is the Rh factor?
An antigen that is present on the surfaces of red blood cells or some individuals
Adds the factor of Rh negative or Rh positive which needs to be matched
What do drainage vessels do?
Absorb excess protein from tissues and return it to the bloodstream
How do lymphoid organs contribute to the immune system?
Assist with the destruction of harmful microorganisms
What is lymph?
Clear fluid that keeps cells moist and bathes tissues
One-way flow system toward heart
What are lymph capillaries?
Thin-walled tubes that carry lymph from tissue spaces to the larger lymphatic vessels
Where does lymph always flow towards and empty?
The thoracic cavity
Empties into veins of the upper thoracic region
What are lacteals?
Specialized lymph vessel in the small intestine
What do lacteals do?
Aid in the absorption of fats from the small intestine into the bloodstream
What are lymph nodes?
Small round or oval structures that are located in lymph vessels
What do lymph nodes do?
Fight disease by producing antibodies
What happens to the lymph nodes during an infection?
Become swollen and tender as a result of the collection of lymphocytes to destroy invading substances
Where are the major lymph node sites?
Cervical nodes (neck)
Axillary nodes (under the arms)
Inguinal nodes (lower abdomen)
What are tonsils made of?
Tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue.
Where are tonsils located?
Tonsils are located in the upper portions of the nose and throat, forming a protective ring of lymphatic tissue.
What are the nasopharyngeal tonsils also known as, and where are they found?
Nasopharyngeal tonsils are also known as adenoids and are found in the nasopharynx.
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
Palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx between the anterior and posterior pillars of the fauces and are visible through the mouth.
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
Lingual tonsils are located on the back of the tongue.
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
The spleen
What does the spleen do?
Produces lymphocytes and monocytes
Filters microorganisms and other debris not destroyed by the lymphatic system
What is the nervous system?
The communication system of the body, instructions and directions are sent out by this system to organs
What are the three sections of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? What are the two divisions?
All nerves outside the CNS
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SMS)
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS): unconscious activities
The somatic nervous system (SMS): conscious activities
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Part of the PNS
Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What is a synapse?
The space between two neurons or a neuron and a receptor
What is a neurotransmitter?
Chemical that allows the impulse to jump across the synapse to a neuron
What is white matter?
Nerves covered with myelin
What is gray matter? What are some examples?
Nerves that do not have the myelin protection
Brain and spinal cord
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory, motor, interneurons
What are sensory neurons?
Work together to carry messages from all over the body to the spinal cord and brain
What are motor neurons?
Neurons that carry a message away from the spinal cord and brain
What are interneurons?
Transmits impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons in the CNS
What is the largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum, divided into the right and left hemispheres
What fluid flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord? What’s the function?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cushion organs from shock and injury
What is the respiratory system?
Delivers oxygen to millions of cells in the body and transports the waste product out of the body
What is the nose?
The passage for air to enter body
Two nasal cavities divided by the nasal septum
Inner surface called nasal mucosa
What is the inner surface of the nose called?
Nasal mucosa
What is the pharynx divided into?
Nasopharynx: upper section behind the nasal cavity
Oropharynx: the middle section behind the mouth
Laryngopharynx: lower section, splits from the front to the larynx and the back to esophagus
What tubes open into the pharynx?
Eustachian tubes
What is the larynx?
The voice box, connects the pharynx and the trachea
What is the inner surface of the nose called?
nasal mucosa
What is the pharynx divided into?
nasopharynx: upper section behind the nasal cavity
oropharynx: the middle section behind the mouth
laryngopharynx: lower section, splits from the front to the larynx and the back to esophagus
What tubes open into the pharynx?
eustachian tubes
What is the larynx?
the voice box, connects the pharynx and the trachea
What is the trachea?
4-5 inch long windpipe to the lungs
What are the bronchi?
two branches that form at the end of the trachea and enter the lungs
What is the bronchioles?
smaller tubes from the bronchi
What is the digestive system?
takes in whole foods and breaks them down into their chemical components
similar to an assembly line, but in reverse
What digestive enzyme begins the process of breaking down carbs?
salivary amylase
Where does absorption of nutrient mostly occur?
small intestine
What occurs in the large intestine in digestion?
water is absorbed
What does the endocrine system do?
uses hormones that move through the bloodstream and can reach every cell in the body
What do hormones do?
help maintain a constant environment inside the body, adjusting sodium and water, sugar, and salt in sweat to suit particular conditions.
How do hormones enter the bloodstream?
secrete directly in the bloodstream (no ducts)
What are some endocrine glands?
the thyroid, parathyroid, ovaries, testes, pituitary, pancreas, and adrenal medulla
What is the external organs of the female reproductive system?
mons pubis
labia major
labia minora
vulva
clitoris
What is the internal organs of the female reproductive system?
ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
What does the male reproductive system consist of?
testes
excretory ducts
accessory organs: prostate and seminal vesicles
What is the function of the urinary/excretory system?
maintain fluid volume and the composition of body fluids
How is the function of the urinary/excretory system completed?
gallons of fluid are filtered out the bloodstream and through the kidneys
waste leaves the body through urine
nutrients are returned to the blood
What is the body’s first line of defense against disease?
the skin
What is the function of the integumentary/skin system?
helps to regulate body temp
provides a barrier
excretes liquids and salts
provides sensitivity
uses uv to convert into vitamin d
What is the skin composed of?
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
What is the epidermis?
Outer layer of skin made of epithelial tissue
contains melanin
What is the dermis?
support layer below dermis, made of connective tissues
contains nerve endings, blood vessels, elastic fibers, sweat and sebaceous glands
What is the subcutaneous layer?
layer of skin below the dermis that is rich in blood vessels
What is hair?
found on almost all skin surfaces
consists of a root and shaft
What are nails?
nonliving matter
contains a root (covered by cuticle) body (visible portion)
What gives nails their pink color?
the dermis’s underlying blood vessels
Where are sebaceous glands found?
everywhere except the palms and soles
Why does skin and hair become dry with age?
lowered sebaceous activity
What are sudoriferous glands?
heat regulation via sweat glands
What are apocrine sweat glands?
largest glands, under arms, around nipples, and in the genital region
How many regions are in the head?
11
What sections is the skull divided into?
the cranium and the face
How many bones are in the cranium?
8
How many bones are in the face?
14
What is the frontal bone?
apart of the cranium
forming the forehead, roof of eye socket, and part of the nasal cavity
What is the parietal bones?
2 bones of the cranium
forms most of the roof of skull and upper half of sides
What is the temporal bones?
2 bones of the cranium
forms the lower sides and base of skull
What are the landmarks on each temporal bone?
- external auditory meatus
- mastoid process
- glenoid fossa
- styloid process
What is the external auditory meatus? Where is it located?
in the temporal bone
opening for the ear
What is the mastoid process? Where is it located?
bony projection found on the bottom of the border of the temporal bone
What is the glenoid fossa? Where is it located?
pit/depression found anterior of the mastoid process
What is the styloid process? Where is it located?
sharp projection on the under-surface of the temporal bone between the glenoid fossa and the mastoid process
What is the occipital bone?
apart of the cranium
forms the back and base of the skull
contains the foramen magnum where the spinal cord passes
Where does the spinal cord enter the brain from?
occipital bone’s foramen magnum
What is the sphenoid bone? What is it shaped like?
apart of the cranium
wedge-shaped bone that goes across the skull anterior to the temporal
single continuous bone, shaped like a bat with its wings spread
What is the ethmoid bone?
apart of the cranium
forms part of the nose, orbits, and floor of the cranium
contains the ethmoid sinus
What are all the bones of the cranium?
The ethmoid bone (1)
The sphenoid bone (1)
The occipital bone (1)
The temporal bones (2)
The parietal bones (2)
The frontal bone (1)
Every Silent Owl Tries Painting Freely
What are the nasal bones?
2 facial bones that form the bridge of the nose
What is the vomer bone?
a single bone in the inside of the nasal cavity
What is the nasal conchae?
consists of three projecting structures that extend inward from the maxilla
What are the lacrimal bones?
2 bones that make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye
What are the zygomatic bones?
2 bones that form the cheeks
What is the frontal process of the zygomatic bone?
It extends upward to connect with the frontal bone at the outer edge of the orbit.
What is the temporal process of the zygomatic bone?
It connects with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch.
What forms the zygomatic arch?
temporal process of zygomatic bone
zygomatic process of temporal bone
What does the zygomatic arch create?
the prominence of the cheek
What do the maxillary bones form?
The upper jaw and part of the hard palate.
What is the zygomatic process of the maxillary bones?
It extends upward to connect with the zygomatic bone.
What do the maxillary bones contain?
The maxillary sinuses.
What is the alveolar process of the maxillary bones?
It supports the teeth of the maxillary arch.
What is the maxillary tuberosity?
A larger, rounded area on the outer surface of the maxillary bones near the posterior teeth.
What do each of the palatine bones consist of?
the 2 palatine bones each consists of:
a horizontal plate, forming the posterior part of the hard palate
a vertical plate, forming a part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
What is the only movable bone of the face?
mandible
What are the two vertical extensions of the mandible?
the rami/ramus
Where is the condyloid process?
at the top, posterior to the rami
What is the coronoid process?
at the top, anterior to the rami
What is the depression between the condyloid and coronoid process?
mandibular notch
Where is the mandibular foramen?
in the inside of the ramus
Where is the interior oblique/mylohyoid ridge?
follows the inside of the ramus and the body of the mandible
Where is the mental foramen?
near the apex of the premolars
Where is the external oblique ridge?
external surface of the mandible, past the last tooth and up the ramus
What is the triangular area behind the last molar?
retromolar area
Where is the concave area where two bones of the mandible are fused?
symphysis
What is the tip of the chin called?
mental protuberance
What three bony parts is the TMJ made up of?
glenoid fossa, articular eminence, condyloid process
During hinge action, what part of the TMJ articulates on the underside of the articular disc?
condylar head
What muscles open the jaw?
external pterygoid, digastric, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid
What muscles close the jaw?
temporal, masseter, and internal pterygoid
What are the four pairs of muscles of mastication?
temporal muscles
masseter muscles
internal / external pterygoid muscles
What are the major muscles of facial expression?
orbicularis oris
buccinator
mentalis
zygomatic major
What are the muscles of the face innervated by?
facial nerve 7
What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Responsible for changing the shape of the tongue
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? What do they do?
genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
assist in the movement and functioning of the tongue
What are all the muscles of the tongue innervated by? Except?
hypoglossal nerve; except the palatoglossus
What are the muscles of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Trapezius
What are the two major muscles of the soft palate?
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
What innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
pharyngeal plexus
What are the muscles of the floor of the mouth?
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
What innervates the muscles of the floor of the mouth?
several nerve branches
How is saliva connected to dentistry?
maintain integrity of tooth through remineralization
formation of plaque
minerals for supragingival calculus
What are the two types of saliva?
Serous: watery, mainly protein
Mucous: thick, mainly carbohydrate
What are the three major pairs of salivary glands?
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
What is the largest salivary gland?
parotid
Where do the parotid gland empty into the mouth through?
parotid duct
What is the size of the submandibular gland?
walnut
Where do the submandibular glands empty through?
Wharton’s duct
What are the smallest ducts?
sublingual
Where do the sublingual glands empty through?
ducts of rivinus
ducts of bartholin
What supplies blood to the eyes and brain?
internal carotid artery
What provides blood to the face and mouth?
external carotid artery
Where does the external carotid artery branches go to?
throat, tongue, face, ears, wall of the cranium
How are branches of arteries named?
areas they supply and superficial distance
Where does the facial artery branch to?
corners of the mouth and then upwards to the eye
What does the branches of the facial artery supply?
pharynx
soft palate
tonsils
posterior of the tongue
submandibular gland
muscles of the face
nasal septum
nose
eyelids
What does the branches of the lingual artery supply?
entire tongue
floor of the mouth
lingual gingiva
some soft palate
tonsils
What is the largest branch of the external carotid artery?
maxillary artery
What are the three sections of the maxillary artery?
mandibular
pterygoid
pterygopalatine
What forms the pterygoid plexus?
branches of the maxillary veins
What forms the retromandibular vein?
union of the temporal and maxillary vein
Where does the retromandibular vein split into?
anterior: inwards to join the facial vein
posterior: becomes the external jugular vein
What does the external jugular vein drain?
superficial veins of the face and neck into the subclavian vein
Where does the internal jugular vein empty into?
superior vena cava
What four nerves innervate the oral cavity and face?
trigeminal
facial
glossopharyngeal
hypoglossal
What is the largest cranial nerve and is most important to dentistry? Why?
trigeminal nerve; innervates the maxilla and the mandible
How many pairs of cranial nerves are connected to the brain?
12
What does the trigeminal nerve subdivide into?
maxillary, mandibular, ophthalmic
What does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate?
nose
cheeks
palate
gingiva
maxillary teeth
maxillary sinus
tonsils
nasopharynx
What is the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve divided into?
zygomatic
infraorbital
posterior superior alveolar
pterygopalatine
What type of neurons are in the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?
sensory
What type of neurons are in the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?
sensory and motor
What is the largest division of the trigeminal nerve?
mandibular
What are the three branches of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?
buccal
lingual
inferior alveolar
How many superficial lymph nodes are in the head?
5 groups
Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes of the head located?
along the length of the internal jugular vein on each side of the neck
deep to the SCM muscle
What is the outer canthus of the eye?
the fold of tissue at the outer corner of the eyelids
What is the inner canthus of the eye?
the fold of tissue at the inner corner of the eyelids
What is the ala of the nose?
winglike tip on the outer side of each nostril
What is the philtrum?
rectangular area between two ridges, running from under the nose to the midline of the upper lip
What is the tragus of the ear?
the cartilaginous projection anterior to the external opening of the ear
What is the naison?
the midpoint between the eyes just below the eyebrows. where the nasal bones and frontal bone join
What is the glabella?
the smooth surface of the frontal bone, also the anatomical area directly above the root/bridge of the nose
What is the root of the nose?
the bridge
What is the septum?
the tissue that divides the nasal cavity into two nasal fossae
What is the anterior naris?
nostril
What is the angle of the mandible?
lower posterior of the ramus
How thick is the skin of the face?
thin - medium in relative thickness
What are the lips also known as?
labia
How are the lips formed?
externally by the skin
Internally by the mucous membrane
What is the outline of the lips?
vermillion border
What is the labial comissure?
the angle at the corner of the mouth where the upper and lower lips join
What is the nasolabial sulcus?
the groove that extends upward between each labial comissure and nasal ala
What is the vestibule?
the space between the teeth and inner mucosal lining of the lips and cheeks
What is the oral cavity proper?
the space on the tongue side within the upper and lower dental arches
What is the area where the buccal mucosa meets the alveolar mucosa called?
mucobuccal fold
What is the mucogingival junction?
a distinct line of color change where the alveolar membrane meets with attached gingivae
What is the buccal vestibule?
the area between the cheeks and the teeth or alveolar ridge
What is the parotid papilla?
small elevation of tissue located on the inner surface of the cheek on the buccal mucosa, just opposite of the second maxillary molar
What are fordyce’s spots/granules?
normal small, yellowish elevations that may appear on the buccal mucose
What is the linea alba?
white line on the buccal mucosa running parallel to the dentition
What is the maxillary labial frenum?
a frenum passing from the oral mucosa at the midline of the maxillary arch to the midline of the inner surface of the upper lip
What is the mandibular labial frenum?
a frenum passing from the oral mucosa at the midline of the mandibular arch to the midline of the inner surface of the lower lip
What is the buccal frenum?
a frenum passing from the oral mucosa of the outer surface of the maxillary arch to the inner surface of the cheek
What is the lingual frenum?
a frenum passing from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the ventral border of the tongue
What is the gingiva?
masticatory mucosa that covers the alveolar processes of the jaws and surrounds the necks of the teach
What are the characteristics of normal gingival tissue?
surrounds the tooth like a collar
self cleansing
firm and resistant
adaptable to the tooth and bone
stippled and resemble orange peel
color is according to pigmentation of the individual
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
hard palate
What are all nasal surfaces covered with?
respiratory mucosa
What pear-shaped pad of tissue is behind the maxillary central incisors? What does it do?
incisive papilla; covers the incisive foramen, site of anaesthesia injection for the nasopalatine nerve
What are the palatal rugae?
irregular ridges/fold of masticatory mucosa, located laterally from the incisive papilla
What structure runs posterior to the incisive papilla?
median palatine raphe
What is the movable posterior third of the palate?
soft palate, has no bony support
What is the hanging, pear-shaped projection on the soft palate?
uvula
What is the soft palate supported by?
the fauces
What is the anterior faucial pillar?
anterior arch of the fauces running from the soft palate down to the lateral aspects of the tongue
What is the posterior faucial pillar?
free posterior border of the soft palate
What is the opening between the anterior arch and posterior arch called? What does it contain?
isthmus of fauces, contains the palatine tonsil
Where is the palatine tonsil located?
isthmus of fauces
What is the body of the tongue?
the anterior two thirds found in the oral cavity
What is the root of the tongue?
the posterior third that turns vertically downwards to the pharynx
What is the upper and posterior roughened surface of the tongue called?
the dorsum
What is the dorsum covered in?
small papillae of various shapes and colors
What is the sublingual surface of the tongue covered with?
thin, smooth, transparent mucosa which many underlying vessels be seen
What is seen on either side of the lingual frenulum?
two small papillae just behind the central incisors
What are the two smaller fimbriated folds located?
on either side of the lingual surface
Where are the taste buds located?
on the fungiform papillae and in the trough of the large vallate papillae, forming a V on the posterior portions of the tongue
What papillae allow sense of touch and have no taste receptors?
numerous filiform papillae that cover the entire tongue
