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522 MT1 > Dental 1 > Flashcards

Dental 1 Flashcards

1
Q

give canine adult dental formula

A

2 (3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3) = 42

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2
Q

give cat adult dental formula

A

2 (3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1) = 30
no: max P1, max M2, man P1 or 2, man 2 or 3

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3
Q

label

A

1, Vestibule; 2, canine tooth; 2a, philtrum; 3, hard palate; 4, soft palate; 5, tongue; 6, sublingual caruncle; 7, palatoglossal arch; 8, palatine tonsil; 9, frenulum. (From Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJ: Textbook of veterinary anatomy, ed 4, St Louis, 2010, Saunders/Elsevier.)

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4
Q

label

A
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5
Q

how many apical foramina do dogs have

A

multiple

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6
Q

directional terminology: incisional teeth are labelled (name 4 sides)

A

palatal replaces lingual if referring to maxillary teeth

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7
Q

directional terminology: occlusal teeth are labelled (name 4 sides)

A

palatal replaces lingual if referring to maxillary teeth

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8
Q

what are 4 parts of the periodontium

A

PDL GAC: periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, alveolar bone

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9
Q

***what lines the gingival sulcus and is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, extending from coronal limit of JE to gingival margin, and is a very important semipermeable barrier to the bacterial and gingival crevicular fluid; low PMNs

A

sulcular epithelium
!!!

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10
Q

***what is the epithelial barrier between the gingival sulcus and bacteria that directly attached to tooth at CEJ, PMNs present, and allows gingival crevicular fluid into sulcus

A

junctional epithelium
!!!!

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11
Q

this transudate or exudate has biochemical factors and is present in a small amount in healthy sulcus.

A

gingival sulcular fluid ie gingival crevicular fluid GCF

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12
Q

what are 4 functions of gingival sulcular fluid ie gingival crevicular fluid GCF

A

cleanse material from sulcus
has plasma proteins to improve tooth adhesion
possible antimicrobial properties
Abx activity to defend gingiva

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13
Q

what Is the vascular and highly cellular connective tissue continuous with connective tissue of gingiva, containing collagen fibres including Sharpey’s fibres

A

PDL periodontal ligament

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14
Q

what are some cells in PDL

A

connective tissue: fibroblasts, cemetoblasrts, osteoblasts
rests of malassez: epithelial rest cells
immune cells
neurovascular elements

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15
Q

what is purpose of PDL

A

soft tissue to prevent vessels and nerves from injury, transmit occlusal forces to bone and resist their impact, and keep teeth and gingiva in proper relationship to one another

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16
Q

this material, is avascular, no innervation, little/no remodelling, acellular and cellular components, and is permeable

A

cementum

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17
Q

this material contains 2/3 hydroxyapatite, 1/3 organic material, is lamellate and bundle bone, houses teeth, constantly remodelled

A

alveolar bone

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18
Q

6 ways PDD is classified

A

gingival dz
chronic periodontitis
aggressive peridontitis
necrotizing periodontal dz
periodontitis assoc w endodontic leisons
developmental or ac acquired abnormalities

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19
Q

reversible plaque-induced inflammation of gingival tissues is called

A

gingivitis

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20
Q

this develops in 2-4 days within accumulation of plaque, clinically healthy gingiva, edema may develop, and gingival sulcus may be deeper due to edema

A

initial gingivitis

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21
Q

this occurs when there is significant inflam filtrate in gingiva, collagen depletion, JE and SE form pocket epithelium loosely connected to tooth, there is increase operability to underlying tissues and bleeding on probing

A

Grade II or established gingivitis

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22
Q

this phase/grade/? marke transition from gingivitis to periodontitis: neutrophils predominate of the inflammation cells, JE migrates apically in attempt to maintain an epithelial barrier, osteoclastic bone resorption begins, and a deeper PD pocket develops promoting PD pathogen growth

A

advanced gingivitis

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23
Q

what is periodontitis

A

microbial assoc host mediated inflammatory that results in loss of periodontal attachment, detected as clinical attachment loss (CAL) by probing with reference to CEJ

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24
Q

what is difference between extent and severity of periodontitis

A

extent - how many teeth it affects (localized <30% dentition, generalized >30%)
severity - how it affects each tooth (mild <25%, moderate 25-50%, severe >50% AL)

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25
Q

stages of periodontitis: I, II, III, IV

A

I 1-2 mm interdental CAL; II 3-4, III and IV both => 5
I and II horizontal bone loss mostly; III and IV also vertical bone loss and furcation
IV add on secondary effects to rest of mouth

26
Q

grading of periodontitis: slow, moderate, and rapid rate are called

A

Grade A, B, C

27
Q

3 steps to staging and grading a periodontitis patient are

A

initial case overview to assess disease
establish stage
establish guide
it is a continuum of disease not just “stage XYZ dental””; needs to be treated over time to accurately assess and diagnose

28
Q

what are the 3 types of periodontal pockets

A

gingival pocket
suprabony pocket
infrabony pocket

29
Q

what is the most common pattern of bone loss, in which the alveolar margin is lost parallel to CEJ

A

horizontal bone loss

30
Q

what is bone loss that is vertical or angular defect parallel to root surface, with accompanying infra bony or infra bony pocket, and defects classified by number of osseous walls (4 walls best, 1 wall worst)

A

vertical bone loss
red arrow

31
Q

what are 4 phases of periodontal tx

A

diagnostic phase, hygiene phase, phase I, phase II
order???

32
Q

what is the diagnostic phase of periodontal tx

A

dental charting and full mouth rads (dog 14 views, cat 10 views)
need to correlate clin and rad findings… each tooth gets own periodontal dx

33
Q

what is phase I therapy for periodontitis

A

complete removal plaque and calculus, correct orthodontic conditions, treat food impaction areas, treat occlusal trauma, extract hopeless teeth, adjunctive tx as needed

34
Q

what is hygiene phase of periodontal tx

A

operator prep and patient prep, then supra and sub gingival scaling (using hand or mechanical instruments), then can assess sib gingival spaces and PE pockets to see if further intervention needed

35
Q

what is advanced non-surgical therapy for periodontitis and when is it indicated

A

therapy not designed to tx periodontal pockets, indicated when pockets are under 5 mm in depth and/or furcation defects present

36
Q

what does advanced non surgical therapy for periodontitis consist of

A

scaling and root planing
subgingival curettage
periodontal debridement

37
Q

after periodontal therapy, can you expect a gain in attachment? why about restoration of continuity of marginal gingiva at base of pocket?

A

nnec; yes, will restore continuity by arresting bone destruction and healing by scar

38
Q

is polishing teeth needed

A

cosmetic, little therapeutic value, unnecessarily extends anes, can cause changes to tooth strs

39
Q

what is critical to success of non-sx or surgical periodontal therapies

A

home care: tooth brushing daily

40
Q

what is phase II therapy for periodontitis? when is it done?

A

techniques perofrmed for pocket therapy and for correction of deep pockets and bone loss that couldn’t be addressed by phase I
4 weeks after phase I

41
Q

types of pocket surgery

A

resective (gingivectomy/gingivoplasty, apically displaced flaps, undisplaced flaps, extraction of tooth)
reconstructive (periodontal reconstructive surgery, which is GTR guided tissue regeneration)

42
Q

we aim to eliminate pathologic changes in pocket walls, increase accessibility to root surface reduce or eliminate pocket depth, and/or reshape hard and soft tissues to attain harmonious topography. what are we doing?

A

phase II therapy for periodontitis - specifically, surgical pocket therapy

43
Q

gingival cleft reconstruction, free gingival grafts, and crown lengthening procedures are all types of what

A

correction of anatomic/morphologic defects for periodontal surgery

44
Q

what are indications for periodontal surgery

A

regions with bony contours, deep craters
pockets >5mm in depth bc can’t be cleaned non-surgically
infra bony pockets or medial and distal aspects of mandibular 1st MR pr palatial aspect of maxillary canines
stage II furcation defects

45
Q
  1. Characteristics of the pocket: depth, configuration etc
  2. Accessibility to instrumentation
  3. Existence of mucogingival problems
  4. Response to Phase I therapy
  5. Client cooperation
  6. Age and health of the patient
  7. Overall diagnosis of the case (type of periodontitis present, etc)

… these are all criteria for what

A

method selection for periodontal surgery

46
Q

what are contraindications for periodontal sx

A

poor systemic health
unmanaged systemic illness
terminal periodontitis
noncompliant O
inexperienced operator (consider referral)

47
Q

4 critical zones in pocket surgery

A

soft tissue pocket wall
underlying bone
tooth surface
attached gingiva

48
Q

what is gingivectomy and what margins do you need

A

excision of gingiva
2 mm of gingival around tooth needed to maintain healthy perfusion

49
Q

4 kinds of this procedure: scalpel, Bur, electrosurgical, laser (type of respective pocket surgery). also which of these kinds is not recommended.

A

gingivectomy (a type or respective periodontal pocket surgery)
electrosurgical (risk of bony injury higher)

50
Q

why do we use periodontal flaps for periodontal surgery

A

direct visualization for effective cleaning and allowing access to hard tissues, as well as eliminating pathological pocket wall and covering exposed surfaces

51
Q

how are periodontal flaps classified? 3 ways

A
  1. bone exposure after flap reflection (full vs partial thickness)
  2. placement of flap after sx (displaced or not displaced)
  3. management of papilla (preservation vs non preservation)
52
Q

periodontal flap incisions can be positioned ____ or _____

A

horizontally or vertically

53
Q

what are 2 common types of periodontal flaps

A

undisplaced flap (to completely remove PD pocket, most aggressive type)

apically displaced flap (move gingival attachment apically on toot, reducing the pocket depth; only done on single rooted teeth)

54
Q

what are 2 problems with crown root fracture

A

increased probing depth
complicated fracture

55
Q

what are 2 solutions to crown root fracture

A

crown lengthening type II
root canal therapy

56
Q

main indication for this flap is to cover denuded areas of root, ie gingival cleft defects, and it is a combination of full thickness and partial thickness flap

A

lateral sliding flap
need 2 mm gingiva at all teeth

57
Q

PD reconstruction: what is ideal outcome? are resective techniques used?

A

creating new attachment (bone regrowth and PD repair (healing)) via regeneration of PD tissues
no this is not a respective technique, it is a reconstructive technique for periodontal pocket surgery

58
Q

healing after GTR (guided tissue regeneration): healing is determined by what

A

which cell popn arrives in pocket first

59
Q

indications for guided tissue regeneration

A

vertical bone defects (2, 3, or 4 wall defects; 1 wall defect poor px)

stage II furcation defects (mandible good px, maxilla guarded px)

60
Q

what are most common locations for guided tissue reconstruction in vet patients

A

medial and distal aspects of mandibular first molar
furcation defects in mandibular first molar
furcation defects in maxillary fourth premolar
palatal aspect canine teeth

61
Q
  • Design and raise appropriate flap
  • Meticulously clean the pocket and root surface
  • Place graft material
  • Contour and secure membrane
  • Meticulous closure

…this is the process for what

A

guided tissue regeneration (type of regenerative PD pocket surgery)

62
Q
  1. Meticulous cleaning of the pocket
  2. Appropriate placement of the membrane is critical
  3. Ensure membrane does not become exposed
  4. Homecare
  5. Follow-up is critical

…these are the keys to success for what

A

guided tissue regeneration (type of regenerative PD pocket surgery)

522 MT1 (21 decks)

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