DEMS Exam 2

Question 1

Where would the H+ concentration be in cases of hypoxia?

Answer 1

In the inner mitochondrial membrane space b/c there is no oxygen to serve as an electron acceptor

Question 2

What tissues have g-6-phosphatase?

Answer 2

liver, kidney

Question 3

What 4 autoantigens lead to the development of type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

Insulin, GAD65, tyrosine phosphatase like protein (LA-2), Zinc transporter (ZnT8)

Question 4

What are normal, pre-diabetic and diabetic fasting blood glucose levels?

Answer 4

<100=normal, 100-125=prediabetes, >125 diabetes

Question 5

What is normal, “impaired” and diabetes for an OGTT?

Answer 5

<140 mg/dL is normal, up to 199 for impaired, greater than 199 for diabetes

Question 6

HLA genotypes that are protective vs. confer risk for type 1 diabetes

Answer 6

DR3/4 is highgest risk, DR2 is most protective

Question 7

stages of disease progression for T1D (3)

Answer 7

1. autoimmune: dysreg T cell, B cell autoimmunity
2. loss of insulin release leading to dysglycemia
3. clinical symptoms due to little/no insulin level

Question 8

inhibitor of complex 1 of the electron transport chain

Answer 8

RotenONE

Question 9

inhibitor of complex 3 of the electron transport chain

Answer 9

an-3-mycin (antimycin)

Question 10

inhibitor of complex 4 of the electron transport chain

Answer 10

CO/CN (4 letters)

Question 11

inhibitor of complex 5 of the electron transport chain

Answer 11

oligomycin (complex 5 is ATP synthase)

Question 12

Uncoupling agents

Answer 12

2,4 dinitrophenol, aspirin, thermogenin

Question 13

Cofactors required for Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 13

B1, B2, B3, B5, Lipoic Acid

Question 14

An 18-year-old woman presents to her university’s health center with complaints of dysuria and increased frequency of urination for the past 3 days. A urine specimen reveals abundant gram-negative rods and leukocytes. The patient is given sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for treatment of her urinary-tract infection. Two days later she returns complaining of fatigue. On physical examination the patient has conjunctival icterus. Peripheral blood smear reveals spherocytes and precipitates inside the RBCs.
Which of the following is most likely deficient in this patient?

Answer 14

G6PD deficiency

Question 15

what does a tetrazolium blue test tell you

Answer 15

if a patient can develop an oxidative burst, if the test is negative then the patient may have an nadph oxidase activity (may result in chronic granulomatous disease), the test is actually obsolute and now we use dihydrorhodamine flow cytometry test which would show decreased green color