demography-migration and globalisation Flashcards
migration
movement of people from one place to another
emigration
people leaving a country
immigration
people entering a country
net migration
the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants generally calculated over a year
push factors(drives people out of a country)
-conflict/war
-famine
-poor healthcare
-poverty
-expensive housing
-low employment
-bad weather
pull factors (brings people to a country)
-peace
-good weather
-free healthcare
-free education + education opportunities
- good job opportunities
In Britain the 1950s–60s saw a net gain as
thousands of immigrants arrived from India, Pakistan and the Caribbean to meet a shortage of labour caused by the Second World War
globalisation
Growing
interconnectedness of the world
impact of migration on uk population structure
(population size)
it has stopped uk population from shrinking as more people migrating to UK
impact of migration on uk population structure
(age structure)
migrants tend to decrease average age of country as they tend to be young + working age
impact of migration on uk population structure
(the dependency ratio)
immigration initially lowers dependency ratio as migrants tend to be working-age
-immigrants tend to have higher no. of children increasing dependency ratio
-their children will grow up + join the workforce lowering the ratio
effects of migration:
Increase in net migration
Increase in diversity of migrants
Increase in female migrants
Non-permanent migration patterns
globalisation has increased international migrants this had a number of effects on
society + family structure
family structures
Afro Caribbean – increased lone parent (type), increased matriarchal (roles)
Bangladeshi/Indian – larger family sizes (size), increased
extended (type), traditional roles
(roles)
Migrants from Eastern European
tend to have bigger families, can explain the ‘baby boom’ within society
Chambers(2012)
states there has been a growth of ‘global family networks’ as a result of globalisation
-work + live in UK and send money back home
Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (2014)
state that globalisation has led to a growth of ‘world families’ and ‘distant love’ whereby family networks through the use of technology (e.g zoom or facebook)
trends in global migration
1) acceleration
2) differentiation
3) the feminisation of migration
acceleration
rate of migration has sped up
differentiation
refers to the different types of migrants
cohen identified 3 types of differentiation
1) citizens- have full citizenship rights
2)denizens- rich foreign nationals welcomed by the state
3) herlots- exploited group used as ‘disposable units of labour power’
the feminisation of migration
majority of migrants today are female
- placed into occupations stereotypically ‘female’
e.g cleaners or carers , sex work
Ehrenreich and Hochsfield identify several trends for why women migrants tend to do care, domestic, and sex work in Western countries
- an increase in service occupations (e.g nursing , nannying, housekeeping) in western countries
-western women no have greater opportunity in workforce, less willing to work in domestic service jobs
-western men will not perform domestic labour jobs
-the state does not provide adequate childcare so migrant women often take on these roles
politcal impact of migration
states now have policies that seek to control migration, absorb migration into society , deal with increased ethnic + cultural diversity
assimilation
-first state policy approach to immigration
- encourage immigrants to adopt the language,values and customs of the host culture
-assimilation policies mainly failed due to desire of many migrants to retain aspects of their ‘culture origin’
multiculturalism
accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity
-consequence of multicultural policy=emergence of multicultural education in schools
Eriksen criticises such multicultural education in schools, why?
education encourages ‘shallow diversity’ - surface elements of other cultures such as samosas and saris, fails to address issues surrounding ‘deep diversity’ such as arranged arriages
two further consequences include
-a more multicultural society
-a divided working class and the white working backlash
erikson- shallow diversity
accepting only superficial aspects of a culture(eating the food of a culture, listening to music etc)
deep diversity
accepting deeper cultural practices, norms and values of a culture (e.g arranged marriage, polygamy etc)
