demography - births Flashcards
1
Q
Why were there changes in birth and fertility rates?
A
- more women in paid employment, easier access to divorce, access to abortion and contraception and greater control over fertility.
2
Q
What were the views of Sarah Harper towards changes in birth rates?
A
- Argues the education of women is the most important reason for the long-term fall in the birth and fertility rates. It led to a change in mindset amongst women so they plan their families and put career first.
- Harper also said cultural norms about family size change and smaller families become a social norm.
- Having children later impacts on the number of children women have.
3
Q
What did Harper argue infant mortality rate leads to?
A
- leads to a fall in the birth rate because of many infants die parents have to replace those lost.
4
Q
In 1900 how many babies does within their first year?
A
15% of babies died within their first year.
5
Q
What decreased infant mortality rate?
A
- In first half of 20th century, improved sanitation and housing reduced disease in UK.
- Knowledge of hygiene benefited mothers and their children.
- better maternity services
6
Q
How does child centredness decrease birth rates?
A
- Childhood is now viewed as a uniquely important time in ab individuals life and so parents emphasise having quality relationships with their children.
7
Q
How does children becoming an economic liability decrease birth rates?
A
- Until late 19th century children worked at early age and earned income.
- However laws introduced in late 19th century which meant children could not work and required to be in education till 18. So economically dependent on their parents.
- Parents are now less able and willing to have large families.
8
Q
Effects of changes in fertility rate.
A
- Smaller families mean that women are more likely to be free to go out to work, creating a dual earner couple.
- Low birth rate may mean fewer schools and child health services may be needed.
