demography Flashcards
Demography trends birth
Long-term decline in birthrate from 1900 until 2001
Birthrate increased until 2012 by 2014 it had fallen again
Reason for decline in birthrate
changes in position of women
Women’s role and status has improved within society, increased education opportunities, equal legislation, career advancement and easier access to divorce
Improve contraception given women more control of the fertility
Reasons for decline in birthrate
decline in infant mortality rate
better health care and access to prenatal care
Better education people don’t smoke or drink get informed
Vaccination immunisation to diseases can control
Improved housing conditions
In the olden days if one child died families would have a lot of children to ensure the survival of a few
Reasons for the decline in birthrate
children have become an economic liability
In the olden days Children seen as an economic asset more children equals more wages children were sent out to work
Children are expensive and can no longer work due to laws they have compulsory education and expectations and opportunities that cost more money
Reasons for decline in birthrate
child centredness
Society focuses on the needs of children this is reflected in the family
There has been a movement from quantity of children to quality
Explanation for why the birthrate increased from 2001 to 2012
The reason for the increase of birth is from 2001 to 2012 was due to immigration
On average mothers outside the UK have higher fertility rates
In 2011 25% of all births were from mothers outside the UK
Demographic trends death
Death rate remained fairly stable 1900 except sure when there was a flu epidermic
However death rate has fallen since 1900
1900 death rate was 19 whereas 2012 had fallen to 8.9
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
Improvement in living standards
Wage rises lifted many people out of poverty meaning they could afford better housing and more nutritional food
The provision of well ventilated social housing for the prior contributed to the near eradication of tuberculosis
The introduction of public health initiative such as Clearwater in the home and public sanitation schemes reduce the number of people dying from waterborne diseases such as cholera
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
Improved education
Improve education and knowledge of hygiene lead to people taking more responsibility for avoiding health threatening behaviour and adopting more hygienic healthy lifestyles
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
The introduction of welfare state
Particularly access to free medical care provided by the NHS as well as social services and welfare payments
This provided a safety net for those most at risk of ill health for example the elderly unemployed and the long-term sick and disabled
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
Improvement of healthcare
Life expectancy had increased before the NHS was due probably because of public health measures
However in 1958 and the NHS introduced mass vaccination all children under the age of 15 against diseases like polio
Moreover new medications and treatments are been created continuously with the aim of prolonging life for example improvement in cancer treatment
Demographic trends of Life expectancy
As Death rate falls life expectancy increases
1900 male expected 50 female 57
2012 Life expectancy increased 78 for men and 82 for women
Demographic trends life expectancy
Why there are still class gender region and ethnic differences
Women live longer than men over the gap has narrowed due to changes in employment and lifestyle
Living in the north do you have a lower life expectancy than those in the south
Working-class men in unskilled routine jobs nearly 3 times more likely to die before 65 compared with men in managerial professional jobs
Demographic trends ageing population
It is rising
On current projections by 2041 there will be as many 78-year-olds as five-year-olds
Effects of ageing population
Burden on public services and the dependency ratio
The dependency ratio is the balance between working population and those dependent on the welfare state such as pensioners
Government is concerned that the dependent elderly will soon outnumber taxpaying workers and state may not be able to afford to pay for the healthcare and pensions of an ageing population
The griffins report indicated cost of elderly care will escalate in the future this is because baby boom generation predicted to retire around the same time which could lead to unstable pension and healthcare costs
As a consequence coalition government increased state pension age to 66 And there are plans in the future to increase it to 70 in order to cover the costs of this trend
Effects of an ageing population
Increase in one-person households
There has been an increase in elderly people living alone when their partner passes away
In 2013 14% of all households consisted of an elderly person who lived alone. These are mostly women because generally have a longer life expectancy than men
Effects of an ageing population
Increase in beanpole and extended families Brannen
Brandon claims decline in birthrate and rise in life expectancy produced the beanpole family
As people live longer and have fewer children relationships between grandparents parents and children have become more significant
Families now multigenerational people tend to live long enough to have grandchildren and great grandchildren
What are the relatives are useful because they can assist in childcare which can allow adults to work longer hours
Effects of ageing population
Increase in people and extended families but Ross et al
They claimed that the relationship between grandparents and their grandchildren have become more significant
Because grandparents play a major role in both economic maintenance of the nuclear family and the primary socialisation of children
Effects of an ageing population
Positive ageing
blaikie observes growing number of empty nesters and more affluent retirees has brought about a change in how the elderly are viewed
There are no exists and active leisure-based third age in which the elderly are seen as a means of boosting the economy rather than dependency problem as they have a more disposable income than previous generations
Why class and gender remain important for an ageing population pilcher
Pilcher argues inequalities my class and gender remain important
Related to individuals previous occupational position for example middle-class have better occupation pensions and greater savings from higher salaries Poor old people don’t have this also they are more likely to die younger
Women’s lower earnings and career breaks can mean lower pensions then men
Definition of birth rate
Number of live births Per 1000 of the population per year
Definition of total fertility rate
Number of live births per 1000 women of childbearing age per year
Definition of infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths under age 1 per 1000 live births
Definition of life expectancy
The statistical measure of how long a person is expected to live
Definition of ageing population
Increased median in the population
The ageing population is a result of the following three factors
Increased life expectancy
Decline in infant mortality
Declining fertility
Definition of immigration
The number of people who enter the UK
definition of emigration
The number of people who leave the UK
Definition of net Migration
The difference between immigration and emigration over a period of time
Definition of internal migration
movement within a country
Reasons behind the increase in migration
Push Factors
Encourages people to leave the country examples are war poverty lack of job opportunities
Reasons behind the increase in migration
Pull factors
Encourages people to enter a country
For example generous welfare state reputable education system high standard of living good job opportunity and weather
Reasons behind the increase in migration
Globalisation
It is now easier to move between countries due to the transport and multi national political organisations such as the EU allowing freedom of movement
Reasons behind increasing migration
Legislation and border controls
Some countries may have produced border controls and therefore encourage higher levels of immigration if they have a particular skill shortage within the economy
In Australia for example there is a point-based immigration system to allocate a certain level of points to each immigration application
If there is a shortage of a particular skill in the economy a higher point score will be allocated to an immigrant who possesses attributes for example teachers nurses and plumbers
Impact of migration and UK population structures
Population size
Increase the population size key reason for this increase was the expansion of the EU in 2004 including 10 new members mostly eastern Europe giving citizens the right to live and work in the UK
Impact of migration and UK population structures
Age structure
Immigrants and emigrants generally younger more likely to be male and female
Being younger immigrants are more fertile and this produce more babies
However significant number of immigrants are older 40% move into EU countries such as Spain to retire
Impact of migration and UK population structures
The dependency ratio
On one hand migrant mainly of working age reduces dependency
On one hand migrant mainly of working age produces dependency and in short term this contributes to higher dependency
in the long term it produces more workers helping to reduce the ratio
Globalisation and migration
Globalisation is the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing people are becoming increasingly interconnected
It is a result of many combined processes including the growth of communication systems and global media
Trends in global migration
Acceleration
Has been a speeding up of the rate of migration
According to the United Nations 2013 between 2000 and 2013 international migration increase by 33%
Trends in global migration
Differentiation before 1990s
Globalisation is increasing the diversity of types of migrants
Migrants include permeant workers temporary workers spouses refugees
Before 99 is immigration came from former British colony is most had a right to settle form to stable homogeneous communities
Trends in migration
Differentiation after the 1990s
Vertovec globalisation there to super diversity
Migrants come from much wider range of countries as well as ethnic groups cultures and religions. Also class
Trends in global migration
The feminisation of migration
Globalisation of gender division of labour with female migrants find their feet into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s role as carers and providers of sexual services
Global transfer woman’s emotional labour with migrant nannies provide care and affection for their employees children at the expense of living there own children behind
Migrants also in our western countries as mail order bride this afternoon reflects gender and racial high stereotypes for example of oriental women are subservient
Migrant identities
Transnational identities
Eriksen Globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns with back and forth movement of people through networks rather than permanent settlement in another country
As a result migrants that’s likely to see themselves belonging to one culture or country instead may develop transnational identities
The globalised economy means that migrants have more links to other migrants around the world Than to either their country of origin of settlement
Migrants in a globalised world are thus Less likely to desire assimilation into host culture
Migrant identities
The politicisation of Migration
Assimilation
Assimilation
Aims to encourage immigrants to adopt the language values and customs of host culture to make them like us however assimilation policies faced the problem that transnational migrants with hybrid identities may not be willing to abandon
Migrant identities
The politicisation of Migration
Multiculturalism
Accepts migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity however in practice this acceptance may be limited
Ericsson distinguishes between shallow diversity and deep diversity
