demography Flashcards
births
how many babies are born
immigration
how many people enter into the country from elsewhere
net migration
the difference between the number of immigrants entering a country and the number of immigrants leaving it
size
the population large or small, growing or falling
emigration
how many people exit the country to live elsewhere
natural change
the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population, resulting in either a natural increase or a natural decrease
age structure
the average age of the population rising or falling
number of births to women aged 35 and over in 2014
144,181
number of births to women under the age of 25 in 2014
138,59
demography
the study of the population including reasons that its size and growth
things that affect a country demography
increase population - births - immigration decrease population - deaths - emigration
birth rate
the number of live births per 1000 of the population per year
infant mortality rate
the number of infants who die before their first birthday (per 1000 babies born alive per year)
total fertility rate
the average number of children women will have during their fertile years
why is there an increase in birth rate and total fertility rate
women are more financially stable to afford more children because its more socially acceptable for them to work
increase in immigration - norm to have more children in certain cultures
reasons for the decline in birth rate
changes in the position of women
decline in infant mortality rate
children are an economic liability
child centredness
changes in the position of women
- legal equality with men (right to vote)
- increased educational and employment opportunities
- changes in attitudes to the role of women
- easier access to divorce
- access to abortion and reliable contraception
Harper
educational opportunities is the biggest reason for the decline in birth rate
women who are educated are more likely to use contraception and get a job instead of having kids
she also notes that smaller family sizes are likely to pass on to the next generation
AO3 changes in the position of women
stats show that in 2012, one in 5 women (20%) were childless
why was there a decline in infant mortality rate
- improved housing and sanitation
- better nutrition
- increase in hygiene; health and welfare
- improved health services
parents don’t rush to have more children they can plan in advance
AO3 decline in infant mortality rate
Brass and Kabir argue that the IMR remained higher for longer in urban areas compared to rural
why are children an economic liability since the late 19th century
- laws banning child labour and introducing compulsory schooling (making kids more economically dependant on their parents for longer)
- changing norms mean that children expect more from their parents (meaning the cost of raising children has risen)
death rate
number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
life expectancy
how long on average people who are born in a given year can expect to live
Tranter (1996) reasons for declining death rate
reduced levels of infectious disease
since the 1950s these diseases have mainly been replaced by things like heart disease and cancer
Mckeown improved nutrition
improved nutrition reduces deaths from TB as it boosts resistance to infection
medical improvements
medical knowledge improved intro to NHS in 1948
led to antibiotics and improved maternity services
Harper smoking and diet
reduction in number of people smoking led to a fall in death rate
although obesity has increased it hasn’t reduced death rates because o improved surgery
public health measures
gov and local council put in a series of health laws that has improved the environment and peoples health
improved housing, air pollution, drinking water, and the standard of food and drink
class Walker
the living in poorest areas die on average 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas
gender
women generally live longer than men
reigion (UK)
those living in the north and Scotland have a lower life expectancy than those in the south
city with more pollution = lower life expectancy
immigration positives
immigrants more likely to take low paid laborious jobs
more businesses open
spread of culture and diversity
immigration negatives
overpopulation of areas
decline in resources due to too many people
discriminations and racial tensions
push factor definition
this involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place
pull factor definition
this is what draws them to a new location
examples of a push factor
poor services - lack of education poor medical care unemployment poor pay hazardous working conditions persecution war climate crome rates flooding
examples of a pull factor
plenty of food good medical care employment good pay available services lots of doctors better quality of life democracy freedoms lack of taxes - Switzerland good weather
aging population
the average age of the populations getting older
