demography

Question 1

births

Answer 1

how many babies are born

Question 2

immigration

Answer 2

how many people enter into the country from elsewhere

Question 3

net migration

Answer 3

the difference between the number of immigrants entering a country and the number of immigrants leaving it

Question 4

size

Answer 4

the population large or small, growing or falling

Question 5

emigration

Answer 5

how many people exit the country to live elsewhere

Question 6

natural change

Answer 6

the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population, resulting in either a natural increase or a natural decrease

Question 7

age structure

Answer 7

the average age of the population rising or falling

Question 8

number of births to women aged 35 and over in 2014

Answer 8

144,181

Question 9

number of births to women under the age of 25 in 2014

Answer 9

138,59

Question 10

demography

Answer 10

the study of the population including reasons that its size and growth

Question 11

things that affect a country demography

Answer 11

increase population
- births
- immigration
decrease population
- deaths
- emigration

Question 12

birth rate

Answer 12

the number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

Question 13

infant mortality rate

Answer 13

the number of infants who die before their first birthday (per 1000 babies born alive per year)

Question 14

total fertility rate

Answer 14

the average number of children women will have during their fertile years

Question 15

why is there an increase in birth rate and total fertility rate

Answer 15

women are more financially stable to afford more children because its more socially acceptable for them to work
increase in immigration - norm to have more children in certain cultures

Question 16

reasons for the decline in birth rate

Answer 16

changes in the position of women
decline in infant mortality rate
children are an economic liability
child centredness

Question 17

changes in the position of women

Answer 17

• legal equality with men (right to vote)
• increased educational and employment opportunities
• changes in attitudes to the role of women
• easier access to divorce
• access to abortion and reliable contraception

Question 18

Harper

Answer 18

educational opportunities is the biggest reason for the decline in birth rate
women who are educated are more likely to use contraception and get a job instead of having kids
she also notes that smaller family sizes are likely to pass on to the next generation

Question 19

AO3 changes in the position of women

Answer 19

stats show that in 2012, one in 5 women (20%) were childless

Question 20

why was there a decline in infant mortality rate

Answer 20

• improved housing and sanitation
• better nutrition
• increase in hygiene; health and welfare
• improved health services

parents don’t rush to have more children they can plan in advance

Question 21

AO3 decline in infant mortality rate

Answer 21

Brass and Kabir argue that the IMR remained higher for longer in urban areas compared to rural

Question 22

why are children an economic liability since the late 19th century

Answer 22

• laws banning child labour and introducing compulsory schooling (making kids more economically dependant on their parents for longer)
• changing norms mean that children expect more from their parents (meaning the cost of raising children has risen)

Question 23

death rate

Answer 23

number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

Question 24

life expectancy

Answer 24

how long on average people who are born in a given year can expect to live

Question 25

Tranter (1996) reasons for declining death rate

Answer 25

reduced levels of infectious disease | since the 1950s these diseases have mainly been replaced by things like heart disease and cancer

Question 26

Mckeown improved nutrition

Answer 26

improved nutrition reduces deaths from TB as it boosts resistance to infection

Question 27

medical improvements

Answer 27

medical knowledge improved intro to NHS in 1948 | led to antibiotics and improved maternity services

Question 28

Harper smoking and diet

Answer 28

reduction in number of people smoking led to a fall in death rate although obesity has increased it hasn't reduced death rates because o improved surgery

Question 29

public health measures

Answer 29

gov and local council put in a series of health laws that has improved the environment and peoples health improved housing, air pollution, drinking water, and the standard of food and drink

Question 30

class Walker

Answer 30

the living in poorest areas die on average 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas

Question 31

gender

Answer 31

women generally live longer than men

Question 32

reigion (UK)

Answer 32

those living in the north and Scotland have a lower life expectancy than those in the south city with more pollution = lower life expectancy

Question 33

immigration positives

Answer 33

immigrants more likely to take low paid laborious jobs more businesses open spread of culture and diversity

Question 34

immigration negatives

Answer 34

overpopulation of areas decline in resources due to too many people discriminations and racial tensions

Question 35

push factor definition

Answer 35

this involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place

Question 36

pull factor definition

Answer 36

this is what draws them to a new location

Question 37

examples of a push factor

Answer 37

``` poor services - lack of education poor medical care unemployment poor pay hazardous working conditions persecution war climate crome rates flooding ```

Question 38

examples of a pull factor

Answer 38

``` plenty of food good medical care employment good pay available services lots of doctors better quality of life democracy freedoms lack of taxes - Switzerland good weather ```

Question 39

aging population

Answer 39

the average age of the populations getting older