Demography Flashcards
What are natural changes
Birth rate - death rate
What is net migration
Amount of individuals immigrating - number emigrating
What is the UKs population
1901 -37 million
2016 - 65 million
2031 - 71 million
What does research into births look at
Birth rate: number live births per 1000 population per year
Long term decline: 1900 - 29, fallen 60% 12.2
Baby booms after WWs, 60s, 80/90s, fell 70s
Total fertility rate: number of babies women has on average during fertile years (17-44),
60s - 2.95, 2001 - 1.63, 2014 - 1.83
Trends: more women remaining childless, women having children later age
List reasons for fall in birth rate
Increased womens opportunities
Fall in IMR
Children as an economic liability
Child Centeredness
Outline increased womens opportunity as a reason for a fall in birth rates
Increasingly in employed work, access to education, easier access to divorce, contraception and abortion (Abortion Act 1967)
Changing attitudes to family life and womans role
Outline fall in IMR as a reason for a fall in birth rates
1900 - 154, now - 4
More children surviving, parents having less as know high chance child survive
Due to improved living and family conditions, increased knowledge/understanding children, nutrition, welfare, hygiene
Outline children as an economic liability as a reason for a fall in birth rates
Late 19th century economic asset working and contributing
20th century child labour and abuse laws led children economically dependent
Parents have fewer as cant afford to have as many
Quality of life not quantity, changing norms children right high standard of living, increasing costs
Compulsory schooling: dependent for longer
Outline child centeredness as a reason for a fall in birth rates
Childhood socially constructed change norms and values from quantity to quality
Parents fewer children but lavish more attention and resources on the few they do have
Effects of the falling birth rate
Women less pressure have children, more able to work
Dependency ratio (size working pop and non working pop), working earnings taxed provides support for dependent e.g. Children, fewer children reduces burden of dependency
Public services: fewer schools and health services may be needed, less spent parental maternity leave
Evaluation of the effects of falling birth rate
These are political decisions - gov can choose reduce number of schools or have smaller classes
A lot of dependency ratio made up of the elderly - UK ageing population, may have more burden on dependency ratio especially with growing mental illnesses e.g. Dementia set to be biggest killer
Outline research into Deaths
Number deaths constant since 1900 - 600,000 per year
Fluctuated during WWS and flu epidemic
Death rate: no deaths per 1000 pop 1/2 1900-19 2012-9
Life expectancy: how long on average person born given year expected to live 1900 - males 50 females 57 2013 - males 90 females 94
Low life expectancy 1900 due to high IMR
Reasons for the fall in death rate
Improved nutrition
Medical improvements
Public health improvements
Social changes
Outline improved nutrition reason for in death rate
McKeown
Better diet increased peoples resistance to infection
Outline medical improvements reason for in death rate
50s+
NHS introduced 1949
Medical factors such as: vaccination, antibiotics, blood transfusion, better maternity services
