Demography Flashcards
What are natural changes
Birth rate - death rate
What is net migration
Amount of individuals immigrating - number emigrating
What is the UKs population
1901 -37 million
2016 - 65 million
2031 - 71 million
What does research into births look at
Birth rate: number live births per 1000 population per year
Long term decline: 1900 - 29, fallen 60% 12.2
Baby booms after WWs, 60s, 80/90s, fell 70s
Total fertility rate: number of babies women has on average during fertile years (17-44),
60s - 2.95, 2001 - 1.63, 2014 - 1.83
Trends: more women remaining childless, women having children later age
List reasons for fall in birth rate
Increased womens opportunities
Fall in IMR
Children as an economic liability
Child Centeredness
Outline increased womens opportunity as a reason for a fall in birth rates
Increasingly in employed work, access to education, easier access to divorce, contraception and abortion (Abortion Act 1967)
Changing attitudes to family life and womans role
Outline fall in IMR as a reason for a fall in birth rates
1900 - 154, now - 4
More children surviving, parents having less as know high chance child survive
Due to improved living and family conditions, increased knowledge/understanding children, nutrition, welfare, hygiene
Outline children as an economic liability as a reason for a fall in birth rates
Late 19th century economic asset working and contributing
20th century child labour and abuse laws led children economically dependent
Parents have fewer as cant afford to have as many
Quality of life not quantity, changing norms children right high standard of living, increasing costs
Compulsory schooling: dependent for longer
Outline child centeredness as a reason for a fall in birth rates
Childhood socially constructed change norms and values from quantity to quality
Parents fewer children but lavish more attention and resources on the few they do have
Effects of the falling birth rate
Women less pressure have children, more able to work
Dependency ratio (size working pop and non working pop), working earnings taxed provides support for dependent e.g. Children, fewer children reduces burden of dependency
Public services: fewer schools and health services may be needed, less spent parental maternity leave
Evaluation of the effects of falling birth rate
These are political decisions - gov can choose reduce number of schools or have smaller classes
A lot of dependency ratio made up of the elderly - UK ageing population, may have more burden on dependency ratio especially with growing mental illnesses e.g. Dementia set to be biggest killer
Outline research into Deaths
Number deaths constant since 1900 - 600,000 per year
Fluctuated during WWS and flu epidemic
Death rate: no deaths per 1000 pop 1/2 1900-19 2012-9
Life expectancy: how long on average person born given year expected to live 1900 - males 50 females 57 2013 - males 90 females 94
Low life expectancy 1900 due to high IMR
Reasons for the fall in death rate
Improved nutrition
Medical improvements
Public health improvements
Social changes
Outline improved nutrition reason for in death rate
McKeown
Better diet increased peoples resistance to infection
Outline medical improvements reason for in death rate
50s+
NHS introduced 1949
Medical factors such as: vaccination, antibiotics, blood transfusion, better maternity services
Outline public health improvements reason for in death rate
More effective gov pass and enforce laws improved public health
Better housing, purer drinking water, cleaner air, laws against adulteration of food and improved sewage disposal
Outline social changes reason for in death rate
Decline more dangerous manual occupations e.g. Mining
Smaller families reduced transmission infection
Greater public knowledge of causes of illnesses
Higher incomes
Outline research Ageing population
Average age: 70s - 34, Now nearly 40, 2031 - 42.6
Number over 65s = number under 15s first time ever 2014
Why is the population ageing
Increased life expectancy
Lower IMR
Declining fertility - fewer young people born
Effects of the ageing population
Public services - consume more Heath and social care services
More 1-person pensioner households - 1 in every 7 households
Rising dependency ratio - number retired people rises so does dependency ratio
Ageism - socially constructed elderly problem, negative, incompetent and a burden
Policy implications - Hirsch new policies needed finance old age, done by paying more taxes and increasing retirement age
Evaluation of Ageism of the effects of ageing population
Traditional societies age brings status not stigma
Modernity view of life course
Life structured fixed stages, and aged related identities e.g. Pupil, worker or pensioner
Identity and status determined by our role in production, excluded from production have dependent status and stigmatised
Post Modernity view of life course
Fixed stages life course broken down, individuals greater choice whatever their age
Consumption not production key to our identities
Hunt: choose identity regardless of our age
Evaluation of the Post Modernity view of life course
Inequalities amongst the elderly
Class - m.c larger pensions, savings and longer life expectancy
Gender - womens lower earnings and role as carers means lower pensions, subject more sexist and ageing stereotype
What is migration
Movement of people
International or internal
Affects size, age and structure population
Until 1980s more people left UK than entered
Outline immigration
1900-40s UK mainly Irish, European Jews, british decent USA and Canada
50-70s non white immigrants from Caribbean, Africa, South Asia
2011 minority ethnic groups 14% population
Immigration and Nationality Acts: 1962-90 severe restrictions non-white immigration.
80s - non-whites less than 1/4 immigrants
Outline emigration
1900+ most gone to USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
Economic reasons
Push factors: unemployment, economic recession
Pull factors: higher wages, better opportunities
Outline producing increased migration globalisation and migration
Between 2000-13 migration increased 33%
Outline differentiation globalisation and migration
Different types of migrants: permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses, refugees, asylum seekers.
Before 90s UK immigrants came from a few British ex-colonies, now different countries different legal statuses’
Ethnic differences
Class differences
Outline ethnic differences differentiation globalisation and migration
Culture or religion
Outline class differences differentiation globalisation and migration
Citizens: full rights e.g. Right to vote
Denizens: privileged foreign nationals e.g. Billionaire oligarchs
Helots: disposable labour power found in unskilled, poorly paid work, includes illegally trafficked workers
Outline feminisation of globalisation and migration
1/2 all global migrants female
Resulted globalisation gender division labour: females stereotyped carers or sexual services
Due to western women more liberated, less willing undertake domestic work, have less time now in labour market
Outline migrant identities globalisation and migration
Hybrid identities: 2+ sources
Others accuse them of not ‘fitting in’
Transnational identities: Eriksen: creates back and forth movements father than permanent settlement
Rather than seeing themselves belong they develop transnational identity
Modern technology possible sustain global ties without having to travel
Outline migration and policies
Policies control immigration and cultural diversity
Linked national security and anti terrorism policies
Assimilation: encourages immigrants adopt values, language, customs host culture
Multiculturalism: accepts may retain separate cultural identity, may be limited superficial differences e.g. Food rather than fundamental e.g. Veiling of women
Evaluation of migration and policies
Castles
Assimilation counter productive marks out minority groups who then respond by emphasising differences, increasing hosts suspicions of them,
SFP
Divides w.c encouraging them to blame migrants for problems benefits capitalism
