Demography Flashcards
Population growth
Population in 1801,1901,2007
1801: 10.5 million
1901: 37 million
2007: 61 million
4 causes of population growth
Longer life expectancy
More people can have children I.V.F treatment
Increased birth rate- more children born outside of marriages
Immigration
Birth rate
live births per 1000 of the population per year.
Birth rates in 1900
2007
1900: 29
2007: 11
‘baby booms’
After both world wars
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years.
Fertility rates of
Average UK woman
Non-UK woman have living in the UK
average UK woman : 1.89
Non-UK woman have living in the UK : 2.28
What ternd is occuring with Average UK women and
Non-UK women have living in the UK’s fertility rates
non UK women’s birth rates are declining.
2 key trends with birth rate
More women are remaining childless, less stigma attached to not having children.
Women are having children later = less children.
3 causes of falling birth rate
Position of women changing
Fall in infant mortality rate
Children as an economic liability
How has the position of women changed
Increased educational opportunities. More working women. Changed attitudes to family life and women's’ roles. Easier access to divorce. Abortion and contraception
what has causes a falling infant mortality rate (4)
Improved living conditions
Improved mothers’ knowledge
Mass immunisation
Improved midwifery
Infant mortality rate in 1900 and 2007
1900 IMR = 154
2007 IMR = 5
How have children become an economic liability (3)
Children are no longer an economic asset.
Laws banning child labour and compulsory schooling
Changing norms concerning childrens’ position and higher standard of living = more costs.
Child-centeredness: Childhood = socially constructed to be a special time meaning parents spend more time on their children (quality over quantity attitude)
3 impacts of falling birth rate
- More women able to work. = More dual partnerships.
- Dependency ratio - burden of dependency is reduced as there are less children.
- HOWEVER: in the future there will be a greater burden of dependency as there will not be enough workers to support the growing population.
when did the death rate begin to fall
1870
when did the death rate increase again (and decrease after)
slightly during 1930s and 40s as a result of WWII and an economic depression.
(started to decrease again in 1950)
What is the life expectancy according to the 2013 British Health Survey?
Life expectancy in wealthy areas:
girls 103
boys 97
Life expectancy in poorer areas: 72.5
What was life expectancy in 1900
50 (men)
57 (women)
4 reasons for declining death rate
Improved nutrition
Medical improvements
Public health improvements
Decline in dangerous occupations
What did Mckewon find concerning better nutrition and death rate
better diet accounted for half the reduction in death rate, it increased people’s resistance to infection.
How hav medical improvements contributed to falling death rate
Death rate fell majorly after 1950s partly due to medical factors such as vaccination, antibiotics, better midwifery and the creation of the NHS.
How has improved public health contributed to the death rate
Laws passed to improve public health. e.g. better housing, purer drinking water, cleaner air, improved sewage disposal.
What has caused an ageing population?
Increased life expectancy
Low IMR
Decline in fertility
