Childhood Flashcards
what is meant by childhood is a social construct
not natural but socially constructed - defined and created by society.
in which was does child hood vary? (3)
cross-culturally, within societies i.e. classes, and historically.
In what way can childhood be seen as not socially constructed
in terms of biology as puberty signifies a transition from childhood to adulthood.
Pilcher
Separateness - childhood is a distinctive life stage, children occupy a separate state from adults.
in what ways is childhood separate from adulthood?
Pediatricians
Entertainment
Laws: stop children engaging in certain behaviours, what they are required to do, protection.
What is meant by cross cultural variations of childhood?
There is no single experience of childhood experienced by young people across the world.
Child soldiers example
In Western society children are defined as vulnerable and in need of protection and guidance. However other societies do not perceive children in this way for example, child soldiers.
child soldiers statistics
In approx. 17 countries there are children who directly participate in war. Examples; Colombia, Angola, Liberia.
Punch
In Bolivia children take on work responsibilities from around the age of 5 without hesitation or resistance.
This differs from Western cultures and children have very little responsibility.
This suggests childhood is socially constructed as it varies so much between cultures, not fixed concept.
Aries (childhood is new)
The idea of childhood is relatively new in the western world.
In the past children worked and were seen as an economic asset.
During industrialisation this attitude changed for middle class families as education became valued.
19th century - legislation to protect children in the work place. All 5-12 year olds had to go to school.
Aries (the 20th Century Child)
Parenting standards now monitored by the government - social services, legislation, NHS.
Children are now seen to have rights-Child Support Act 1991.
Who argues the position of children has improved?
The March of Progress View
5 arguments for position of children improving?
1) All children entitled to a state education. Example: All must continue some form of education until 18.
2) Lower infant mortality rate. 1900: 140/1000 births. 2013: 4/1000.
3) Higher living standards and smaller family size.
4) ‘child-centredness’
5) Legislation about behaviour, rights and protection.
Who argues the position of children has not improved
Child liberationists
5 arguments for position of children worsening
1)Gender inequalities: Hillman: boys are allowed out more.
2)Class inequalities: children of unskilled manual workers are over three times more likely to suffer from ADHD.
Woodroffe: children born into poor families are more likely to die in infancy.
3)Inequalities in risks.
4)Inequalities between children and adults: Child liberationists extensive care and protection is a form of oppression.
5)Age patriarchy: Gittens - adult domination over children.
