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sociology mock > Demography - 2.5 > Flashcards

Demography - 2.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Demography

A

Study of population and it’s characteristics.

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2
Q

What 4 Factors is Population Growth affected by?

A

> Births & Immigration + pop

> Deaths & Emigration - pop

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3
Q

Define Natural Change

A

NO of Births - NO of Deaths

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4
Q

Define Net Migration

A

NO of ppl immigrating into a country - NO emigrating from it.

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5
Q

Explain the Trend in UK Pop

A

> Risen est 1900.

> Growth due to natural change > net migration.

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6
Q

What are the 2 Measures of Birth

A

> Birth Rate (BR)

> Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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7
Q

Define Birth Rate

A

NO of live births per 1K of population per year.

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8
Q

What is the Trend in Birth Rate?

A
  • Declining est 1900

- Despite Baby Booms after 2 WWW’s & 60’s

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9
Q

Define Total Fertility Rate

A
  • Avg NO of kids a woman has in her fertile years (15-44).
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10
Q

Outline the Trend in Fertility Rate

A
  • Declining

- TFR affects family size

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11
Q

What do the Changes in Birth and Fertility Rate Reflect?

A

> More women remaining childless

> Women have kids later

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12
Q

Define Infant Mortality Rates

A

NO of infants who die before 1st birthday per 1K babies born per yr.

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13
Q

Birth Key Sociologists

A

> Harper (IMR) - Improved Living Standards (ILS)

> Giddens (Contraception)

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14
Q

Reasons for Decline in Birth Rate

A

> Improved Living Standards (ILS)
Contraception (Giddens)
Changes in Position of Kids

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15
Q

Explain how ILS leads to a fall in Birth Rate

A
  • Wealthier the country, lower the BR
  • Eco Growth & ILS mean couples have fewer kids.
  • As ILS means better housing, diet, education & medical care.
  • Harper says reduced IMR means couples have less ‘replacement babies’ to replace those who die in infancy.
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16
Q

A03 Births Key Sociologist

A

> Functionalist (ILS) - Structural Differentiation

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17
Q

Explain the Functionalist view of Structural Differentiation being the reason for fall in Births opposed to ILS?

A

> State institutions take over functions of family.

> Couples don’t need kids to look after them in old age as other institutions do this, so ppl have fewer children.

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18
Q

Explain how Giddens states Contraception has led to a fall in Birth Rate

A
  • Led to ‘plastic sexuality’ = sex becomes detached from reproduction.
  • Pill gave women control of reproduction, so they can choose when to have kids.
  • IVF mean women can delay having kids later, so have less
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19
Q

Explain the Criticism of Giddens idea that Contraception has led to a fall in BR

A

> IVF expensive, so not available for all couples.

> No correlation vs Pill and decline in BR, in fact Baby Boom in 60s came after pill’s invention.

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20
Q

Explain the Idea of Changes in the Role of Women being the reason for fall in Births opposed to Contraception?

A
  • More girls in paid employment, so reject domestic role, as career now priority
  • Some opting to be childless altogether.
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21
Q

Explain how Changes in the Positions of Kids leads to a fall in Birth Rate

A
  • Kids were eco asset to families as they could work.
  • Complusory skl increases dependency, so now eco liability, so have less kids
  • Socities child centered so move from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’, ppl have less kids, giving them more attention and resources.
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22
Q

Explain the Idea of Geographical Mobility being the reason for fall in Births opposed to Changes in the Position of Kids?

A
  • Modern labour force needs to be very mobile

- Incentivizes ppl to have small families as it’s easier to pack up and move elsewhere.

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23
Q

What 4 things does Changes in Fertility affect?

A

> Family
Dependency Ratio
Lonely
Public Services & Policies

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24
Q

Explain how Changes in Fertility affect the Family?

A
  • As families are smaller, women can now go work creating DEF.
  • Wealthy couples can still have large families, as they can afford childcare
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25
Q

Explain how Changes in Fertility affect the Dependency Ratio?

A
  • Fall in NO of kids reduces burden on Working Population.
  • But fewer ppl entering workforce w/ more ppl retiring.
  • Leads to more taxation on working pop to support retired majority.
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26
Q

Explain how Changes in Fertility affect kids in terms of Loneliness?

A
  • Lower BR means childhood’s lonelier for only kids
  • More childless adults means less ppl giving kids a voice
  • But could mean kids will be more valued
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27
Q

Explain how Changes in Fertility affect Public Services and Policies?

A
  • Fewer skls and child health services needed, less needs to be spent on maternity & paternity leave
  • Instead of fewer skls, gov may opt for smaller class sizes.
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28
Q

Explain the Trend in the NO of deaths

A

Fallen

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29
Q

Define Death Rate (DR)

A

NO of deaths per 1K of population per yr.

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30
Q

Deaths Key Sociologists

A 
> McKeown (Improved Nutrition)
> Tranter (Fall in NO of deaths from Infectious Diseases (ID)
> Harper (Obesity)
> Harper (Radical Longetivity)
> Walker (LE in Poor vs Rich Areas)
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31
Q

Outline Factors related to ILS leading to a fall in Deaths

A
  • Improved Nutrition
  • Better Quality Housing
  • More income
  • Smaller Family Sizes
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32
Q

Explain how Improved Nutrition has lead to a fall in DR, according to McKeown?

A
  • Better diet, reduced NO of deaths from TB

- It increased resistance to ID & survival chances

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33
Q

Explain how Better Quality Housing has lead to a fall in DR

A
  • Better heating to keep warm during winter months, reduces NO of colds etc.
  • Less damp so less illness, better housing means less deaths from accidents.
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34
Q

Explain how Small Famliy Sizes has lead to a fall in DR

A

Better access to contraception, ppl have fewer kids, reduces chances of disease transmission.

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35
Q

Explain how More Income has lead to a fall in DR

A
  • More cash to spend on medicines, food, water, heating etc.

- But also more taxation = more money for public health services.

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36
Q

4 Criticisms of Improved Living Standards

A

> Doesn’t tells us why girls who get smaller share of food supply, lived longer than men.

> Not all benefit equally, MC have longer LE than WC who suffer from poverty

> Obesity now serious problem – more food don’t mean better nutrition.

> Deaths from measles & infant diarrhoea, rose during improved diet.

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37
Q

Outline Factors related to Medical Improvements leading to a fall in Deaths

A

> Fall in NO of deaths from Infectious Diseases (ID) (Tranter)
Medical Advances
Obesity (Harper)

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38
Q

Explain Tranter’s findings on Fall in NO of deaths from infectious diseases, in relation to reasons for Decline in DR

A
  • Due to fall in deaths from ID e.g. measles
  • Decline in DR occurred among kids
    .
  • Heart disease & cancer overtaken ID
  • Vaccines
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39
Q

Explain Medical Advances in relation to reasons for Decline in DR

A
  • Fell due to e.g. vaccinations, antibiotics, blood transfusion, & creation of NHS.
  • Vital in reducing NO of deaths from ‘diseases of affluence’ e.g. heart disease & cancer.
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40
Q

Explain how Obesity has lead to a fall in DR, according to Harper?

A
  • Obesity replaced smoking as new lifestyle epidemic.
  • But deaths are low due to drug therapies.
  • We’re adopting “American” health culture w/ unhealthy lifestyles, but long lives achieved w/ costly medication.
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41
Q

Criticisms of Medical Improvements (Tranter)

A

> Vaccinations aren’t entirely effective, seen in COVID-19 pandemic, new variants or strains, may appear which vaccinations aren’t immune too.

> MC ppl have access to private health care, more efficient > public health services for WC.

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42
Q

Outline Social Factors and Policies leading to a fall in Deaths

A

> Public Health Measures

> Other Social Changes

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43
Q

Explain how Public Health Measures has lead to a fall in DR?

A
  • More effective Gov with power to pass laws, led to improved public health
  • e.g. clean drinking water, food hygiene standards, pasteurisation of milk.
  • Clean Air Act reduced air pollution & Health & Safety Laws at work.
  • Compulsory wearing of face masks in public for COVID.
44
Q

Explain how Other Social Changes has lead to a fall in DR?

A
  • Decline of dangerous manual occupations e.g. mining.

- Greater public knowledge of causes of illness

45
Q

Criticisms of Social Factors and Policies

A

> Not all public health measures are effective.

> During lockdowns in COVID 19 pandemic, many suffered mental health problems, leading to increase in suicide.

46
Q

Define Life Expectancy (LE)

A

How long on avg person born in given year can expect to live.

47
Q

Outline the Trend between DR and LE?

A

DR’s fallen so LE’s increased.

48
Q

What was LE in 1900, compared to 2013?

A

1900: 50(M) 57(F)
2013: 91(M) 94 (F)

49
Q

What does Harper predict we’ll soon reach due to increase in LE?

A
  • radical longevity w/ more centurions
50
Q

Explain differences in LE between Genders?

A

Women live longer than men, but gap has decreased due to changes in employment/lifestyle.

51
Q

Explain Walker’s Findings in relation to Impact of Regional Differences on LE?

A

Those living in poorest areas of UK die earlier than those richest areas.

52
Q

Explain differences in LE between Occupations?

A

WC men in manual jobs die earlier > men in professional jobs.

53
Q

Explain the Trend in Avg Age of Population

A

> Increasing

54
Q

What 3 Factors is Ageing Population caused by?

A

> Increasing LE - People are living longer into old age
Declining IMR - Hardly anyone dies in infancy.
Declining Fertility - Fewer babies being born

55
Q

3 Effects of an Ageing Population

A

> Public Services
One-Person Pensioner Households
Dependency Ratio

56
Q

Explain the Effects of an Ageing Population on Public Services

A
  • OAP’s 75+ take up larger proportion of health & social care services.
  • Aswell as increased spending on healthcare, also means change in policies e.g. on housing and transport.
57
Q

Explain the Effects of an Ageing Population on One-Person Pensioner Households

A
  • Most female, as they live longer than men and usually younger than husbands
  • Among 75+ 2x women > men
58
Q

Explain the Effects of an Ageing Population on Dependency Ratio

A
  • NO of Retired People Increase = Increases burden on working pop
59
Q

How is the Effects of an Ageing Population on Dependency Ratio cancelled out?

A

Less kids being born

60
Q

What is Ageism?

A

Negative stereotyping of ppl based on age.

61
Q

Ageing Population Key Sociologists

A

> Philipson (Modern Society and Old Age) (Marxist Perspective)

> Hunt (Post Modern Society and Old Age)

> Pilcher (Inequality Among the Old)

> Age Concern 2004 (Stats on Age Discrimination)

> Hirsch (Policy Implications)

> Hirsch (Old Age as a Social Construct)

62
Q

Explain Philipson’s view on Modern Society and Old Age - (Marxist Perspective)

A
  • Identities and status’ based on our role in production, OAP’s are excluded from production, so have dependent status & stigmatised identity.
  • OAP’s no longer productive, so no use to capitalism
  • State are unwilling to support them, so family has to take responsibility for their care.’
  • Old are excluded labour force, so made powerless.
63
Q

Explain Hunt’s view on Post Modern Society and Old Age

A
  • Fixed stages of life course have broken down.
  • Later Marriage & early retirement, blur boundaries vs life stages
  • Due to greater choice, we can choose our identities regardless of age
  • e.g. through anti-ageism products, gym memberships and cosmetic surgery.
64
Q

What are 2 Features of Postmodern Society that also undermine old age as a stigmatised life stage?

A

> Centrality of Media:
Media show +ve aspects of lifestyles of OAP’s

> Emphasis on Surface Features:
Body now surface where old can write identities for themselves, through Anti-Ageing Products.

65
Q

How does Pilcher criticises Post Modernity through examples of Inequality Among the Old

A

> Class:
WC shorter LE & more illness. MC - greater savings salaries.

> Gender:
Women’s lower salaries & pensions & subject to sexist harassment e.g. ‘old hag’

66
Q

How does Age Concern (2004) support the idea there are inequalities among the old?

A

29% suffered age discrimination > other forms of discrimination.

67
Q

Explain Hirsch beliefs on Policy Implications

A

> We’ll need new policies to finance a longer old age

> e.g. higher taxes and raising retirement age.

> Housing policy could change to encourage OAP’s into smaller accommodation to, free up housing for young.

68
Q

Explain Hirsch beliefs on Old Age is a Social Construct

A

> Not a fixed biological fact, but shaped and defined by society.

69
Q

Define Migration

A

Movement of ppl from place to place, within a country or internationally.

70
Q

Define Immigration

A

Refers to movement into a society

71
Q

Define Emigration

A

Movement out a society

72
Q

Define Net Migration

A

NO of ppl immigrating in - minus NO emigrating out.

73
Q

Explain Trend in Immigration from 1900-40’s

A

Largest immigrant groups in UK was Irish, EU Jews & from Canada/USA.

74
Q

Explain Trend in Immigration from 1950-70’s

A

Non-white immigrants began coming from Caribbean & South Asia

75
Q

What was put in place to stop Non-White Immigration?

A

Immigration/Nationality Acts from 60s-90s put severe restrictions on non-white immigration.

76
Q

Explain Trend in Immigration from 80’s

A

Non-whites made up a 1/4 of immigrants & white EU countries were main source of immigrants.

77
Q

Explain the Trend in Emigration est 1900

A

Most emigrants went to USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

78
Q

What is the reason for Trend in Emigration since 1900?

Who do these reasons contrast with?

A

> ‘PUSH’ factors: e.g. unemployment and economic recession
‘PULL’ factors: e.g. higher wages & better opportunities.

Reasons contrast vs some migrating for religious, political or persecution.

79
Q

What are the 3 Impacts of Migration on UK Population Structure

A

> Population Size: UK Pop growing due to Migration.

> Age Structure: Lowers avg age directly and indirectly.

> Dependency Ratio

80
Q

Impacts of Migration on Age Structure in relation to Population Structure

A

Lowers avg age, directly and indirectly

81
Q

How does Migration directly lower the Age Structure?

A

Those migrating are usually of working age

82
Q

How does Migration indirectly lower the Age Structure?

A

As they’re younger, immigrants are more fertile producing more babies.

83
Q

How do Immigrants help lower the dependency ratio?

A

Immigrants are working age, helping lower DR w/ older migrants returning to country of origin to retire.

84
Q

How do Immigrants increase the dependency ratio?

A

They’re younger so have more kids, increasing DR, but eventually they’ll join workforce lowering DR.

85
Q

Define Globalisation

A

World is becoming more interconnected.

86
Q

5 Main Aspects of Migration and Globalisation

A 
> Acceleration
> Differentiation
> Super Diversity
> Feminisation of Migration
> Migrant Identities
87
Q

Explain Acceleration in relation to Migration and Globalisation

A

> Speeding up of Migration.

> In 2000-2013 migration increased by 33%

88
Q

Globalisation and Migration Key Sociologists

A

> Vertovec (Super-Diversity)

> Cohen (3 Types of Migrant)

> Ehrenreich & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration)

> Shutes (Feminisation of Migration)

> Eade (Bengali Muslims Hybrid Identities)

> Eriksen (Transnational Identities)

> Castles (Problem w/ Assimilation Policies)

> Castles (A Divided WC)

89
Q

Explain Differentiation and Vervtovec’s Idea of Superdiversity in relation to Migration and Globalisation

A

> Diff types of Migrants e.g. permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses, refugees etc.

> Led to super-diversity, where migrants come from variety of countries and have diff legal statuses

90
Q

In relation to Super-Diversity, what are the 3 types of Migrant Cohen distinguishes between?

A

> Citizens
Denizens
Helots

91
Q

Define Citizens

A

Have full rights

92
Q

Define Denizens

A

Privileged foreign nationals

93
Q

Define Helots

A

Most exploited group, disposable army of labour, in unskilled low paid work e.g. illegally trafficked workers.

94
Q

What is the Feminisation of Migration?

A
  • 1/2 of global migrants are female.
  • Resulted in globalisation of gender DOL & female migrants given stereotyped roles as careers & providers of sexual services.
95
Q

Explain Ehrenreich & Hochschild findings in relation to the Feminisation of Migration

A
  • Dom and sex work, done by women from poor countries.

- Due to western women joining labour force & state’s failure to provide adequate childcare.

96
Q

Explain Shutes’s findings in relation to the Feminisation of Migration

A
  • 40% of adult care nurses in UK are migrants and most are female.
  • Migrant women also enter UK as ‘mail order brides’ & victims of sex trafficking.
97
Q

Define Hybrid Identities

A
  • Someone’s sense of who they are is mixture of two or more influences
  • e.g. person may be British but also see themselves as a Muslim and Pakistani.
98
Q

What is Eade’s findings on Hybrid Identities in relation to Migrant Identities?

A
  • Found 2nd gen Bengali Muslims in UK made hierarchical identities, saw themselves as Muslims 1st, then Bengali, then British.
  • As a result they find, others accuse them of not fitting in.
99
Q

Explain Eriksen view on Transnational Identities (1)

A

> Globalisation creates constant movements of ppl across the world rather than permanent settlement in 1 country

> So don’t see themselves belonging to 1 culture, but w/ transnational identities.

100
Q

Explain Eriksen view Transnational Identities (2)

A

> Modern Tech makes it possible to keep global ties without needing to travel.

> Migrants have more links w/ other migrants than w/ country of origin/currently in.

> Usually don’t want to assimilate into ‘host country’.

101
Q

What are the 2 approaches of the state to Immigration?

A

> Assimilationism

> Multiculturalism

102
Q

Define Assimilationism in relation to approaches of the state to Immigration

A
  • 1st state policy to immigration
  • Encourages immigrants to adopt language, values & customs of host culture, to become ‘like us’.
  • Failed as migrants want to keep
    aspects of their ‘culture of origin’.
103
Q

Define Multiculturalism in relation to approaches of the state to Migration

A
  • Allows migrants to keep features of their original identity
  • But may be limited to superficial differences e.g. food (shallow diversity)
  • Not important ones e.g. veiling of women (deep diversity)
104
Q

What lead to Politicians demanding Migrants assimilate culturally?

A

9/11’ e.g in France veiling of face was made illegal.

105
Q

Explain Castles view on Problem w/ Assimilation Policies

A
  • Assimilationist policies are counterproductive, as they see BAME as other.
  • BAME respond emphasising differences
  • Increases host suspicion of them, making assimilation unlikely.
106
Q

Explain Castles Idea of a Divided WC?

A
  • Assimilationist ideas may encourage workers, to blame migrants for problems
  • Creating a racially divided WC.

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