Demography Flashcards
decline in birth rate:
changing position of women
more educational opportunities
right to vote
women in paid employment
changes in attitudes to women’s roles, divorce and contraception.
women see possibilities other than housewife.
AO3:decline in birth rate , CPOW
not all women broken through glass ceiling. RAD fem: women still oppressed and sexually regulated
Decline in birth rate: declined infant mortality rate
first half of 20th century: IMR falls.
due to: improved housing and sanitation
a fall in married women working improved health of bases
improved health services : antenatal and postnatal .
A03 DECLINE IN INFANT MORTALITY RATE
Brass and Kabir argue trend to smaller families started in urban areas where the IMR remained higher for longer , as opposed to rural families.
children are an economic liability :
until late 19th century children were economic assets to their parents(working). until structural differentiation causes:
laws banning child labour
compulsory schooling
raised school leaving age
now they are more economically dependent.
AO3 CHILDREN ECONOMIC LIABILITY
many ethnic minority groups have more than average children . the argument is deterministic
REASON FOR DECLINED BIRTH RATE : child centredness
increase of this familiarly and societally encourages a shift from quantity to quality. parents lavish their attention onto less children.
A03 CHULD CENTREDNESS DECLINE IN BIRTHH RATE
child liberationists argue there is a dark side to the family . domestic violence statistics 2024: 19% increase from before.
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FERTILITY: the family
smaller families cause a march of progress for women ( liberal feminist) free to work : dual earner couple , joint conjugal roles.
AO3: more children can be had as childcare can be afforded
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FERTILITY: the dependency ratio
children make up large part of dependent population: less of these lessens ‘burden of dependancy’. long term, this increases.
Vanishing children- children more lonely.
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FERTILITY: public services and policies
fewer schools, maternity, children health services. this is a political choice, government can have a quality or quantity approach.
REASONS FOR DECLINE IN DEATH RATE: improved nutrition :
MCKEOWN : improved nutrition = 50% less death rates, mainly TB
AO3: decline in death rate , improved nutrition
does not explain women living longer than men , same food supply , and disease more deaths since this.
Reasons for decline in death rates: Medical IMPROVEMENTS
since 1950’s medical knowledge, technique improves.
such as developments from NHS in 1948.
A03 DECLINE IN DEATH RATE: medical improvements
medical improvements minimal before NhS , why was death rate falling before this?
REASONS FOR DECLINE IN DEATH RATE: smoking and diet
HARPER: reduction of smoking = less death.
OBESITY now biggest life epidemic 25% of 2012 adults obese.
AO3: harper SMOKING AND DIET DECLINE IN DEATH RATE
deaths from obesity low because of medication, not as valid as medical improvement.
AO1: reasons for decline in death rate, PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
CLEAN AIR ACTS: stops things such as smog death occurred 1952 - 5000 deaths
improvement in housing , purer drinking water.
A03: deprived areas still have public health issues , E.G grenfell towers bypass public safety laws
DECLINE IN DEATH RATE: PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES.
DECLINE IN DEATH RATE :OTHER SOCIAL CHANGES
decline in 20th century death rate:
no more mining , dangerous occupations.
smaller families reduce rate of transmission of infection.
greater public knowledge of the cause of illness.
ageing population and modern society
old age seen negatively because of structured dependancy.
philipson- old people are of no value to capitalism
ageing population and postmodern society
fixed stages of life broken down
lifestyle differences boundaries blurred.
Hunt: we construct identity through what we consume
Migration: pull
Healthcare
higher wages
standard of living
weather
job opportunities
education system
Migration: push factors
recession
religious racial and political prosecution
war/conflict
weather
job opportunities
political change
living conditions
examples of pull factors in immigration :
job opportunities in america in the 1980’s
impact of migration:
reduces dependancy ratio
more fertility from immigrants ,
lower average age of population
impact of globalisation on migration:
from 2000 to 2013 migration increased by 33%
feminisation of migration:
ehrenreich and hothschild - service sector increases , immigrant women fill gaps for childcare .
according to vertivec, what is super-diversity?
migrants coming from a bigger range of countries
cohen states that there are three types of migrants :
citizens- migrants with full rights
denizens- oligarchs
Helots- slaves
