Demography Flashcards
What is the formula for birth rate?
Birth rate = number of live births per thousand of population per year.
What are the factors contributing to the decline in birth rate?
- Changes in women’s position 2. Decline in infant mortality rate (IMR) 3. Children as economic liability 4. Child centredness.
Who identified the education of women as a key reason for the long-term fall in birth rate?
Harper (2012).
What is the relationship between infant mortality rate (IMR) and birth rate?
A fall in IMR leads to a fall in birth rate, as more infants survive, resulting in fewer births.
What are the effects of changes in fertility?
- Smaller families allow women to work 2. Changes in dependency ratio 3. Impact on public services.
What is the death rate?
Death rate = number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
What was the death rate in 1900 and 2012?
1900 = 19, 2012 = 8.9.
What caused the decline in death rates from 1850 to 1970?
3/4 of the decline was due to a fall in deaths from infectious diseases.
What did Mckeown (1972) attribute the reduction in death rate to?
Improved nutrition.
What is the impact of living in poor areas of England on life expectancy?
People living in poor areas die on average 7 years earlier than those in rich areas.
What are the effects of an ageing population?
- Increased use of public services 2. Rise in one-person pensioner households 3. Changes in dependency ratio.
What does Hirsch (2005) say about the traditional age pyramid?
It is disappearing; by 2041, life expectancy will be the same at 78 years for both 5-year-olds and older adults.
What is Phillipson’s (1982) view on old people and capitalism?
Old people are seen as not useful to capitalism because they are not productive.
What does Hunt (2005) suggest about lifestyle and identity in old age?
We can choose a lifestyle and identity regardless of age.
What is the definition of migration?
Migration includes immigration (arrival) and emigration (departure) influenced by push and pull factors.
What percentage of the UK population is from ethnic minorities?
14%.
What impact does migration have on population structure?
- Population size grows 2. Alters age structure 3. Affects dependency ratio.
What are the three types of migrants identified by Cohen (2006)?
- Citizens with full rights 2. Denizens 3. Helots (exploited individuals).
What is super-diversity according to Vertovec?
A term describing migrants from a wider range of countries.
What type of work do Ehrenreich & Hochschild say is done by women from poor countries in the West?
Care, domestic, and sex work.
What is the issue with assimilation policies according to Castles?
They can be counter-productive and lead to the marginalization of minority groups.
What does multiculturalism accept?
The wish to retain cultural identities.
