Demography

Question 1

What is meant by birth rate?

Answer 1

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year

Question 2

What is happening to the birth rate?

Answer 2

Decreasing

Question 3

What is the total fertility rate? and what is the trend

Answer 3

The average number of children women will have during their fertile years
-Fell to 1.5 children in 2020

Question 4

How can women’s changing position reflect the decline in birth rate?

Answer 4

Harper- more women are educated so change in mindset away from being housewives
-delay/ abort childbearing to pursue a career

Question 5

How can a decline in the infant mortality rate explain the decline in birth rate?

Answer 5

If children die, parents have more to replace lost ones.

Question 6

How has the infant mortality rate decreased?

Answer 6

improved housing/better sanitations=less infection
-better nutrition
-Immunisations

Question 7

How can the fact children are now an economic liability explain decline in birth rate?

Answer 7

-Laws banning child labour= students in school=more dependent
as children are expensive and more dependent, less are had

Question 8

How can child centeredness lead to a decrease in birth rate?

Answer 8

More focus on quality of childs life not quantity

Question 9

Why was there a slight increase in birth rates in the 21st century?

Answer 9

Increase in immigration by mothers who have a higher fertility rate tha Uk mothers

Question 10

How can changes in fertility affect the family

Answer 10

Smaller families= more freedom for women to work= more dual earner households

Question 11

How can changes in fertility affect the dependency ratio?

Answer 11

Initially, it reduces burden of dependency as children+ elderly=dependent population
-Long term= fewer working adults= increase in burden of dependency

Question 12

What is the death rate?

Answer 12

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

Question 13

How can improved nutrition explain the decline in death rate?

Answer 13

Better resistance to infection
-However, women still live longer than males although they eat less of the food

Question 14

How can medical improvements explain the decline in death rate?

Answer 14

Introduction of antibiotics and more medication

Question 15

What is the averge life expectancy for a man and woman

Answer 15

Man; 87 women; 90

Question 16

What 3 things cause the ageing population

Answer 16

-Increasing life expectancy
-Declining infant mortality
-declining fertility

Question 17

What are the effects of the ageing population?

Answer 17

-Increase in public services
-Increase in one person pensioner households(mostly women)
-Increase in dependency ratio

Question 18

what is ageism?

Answer 18

The unequal treatment of people based on age

Question 19

What is the modernist view of old age?

Answer 19

The old are economically dependent on family/state
- life is structured into fixed stages e.g childhood= age related identities such as pensioners

Question 20

What is the postmodernist view of old age?

Answer 20

The boundary between life stages has been blurred (early marriage/retirement children dressing as adults)
-greater choice of lifestyle (cosmetic surgery/anti-ageing)

Question 21

how are there inequalities among the old?

Answer 21

womens lower earnings=less pensions
m/c better jobs=better pensions

Question 22

How can policies tackle the ageing population?

Answer 22

-Working for longer/paying motr tsxes

Question 23

What is the impact of migration on the UK population structure?

Answer 23

-Increase in population size
-Immigrants lower age of population; directly and indirectly (more fertile)
-Decreases dependency ratio, but also increases by having kids

Question 24

according to Cohen, what are the three types of migrants? (differentiation)

Answer 24

Citizens-full citizenship rights
denizens-privileged foreign nationals, welcomed into the country due to status
Helots- a disposable reserve army of labour (illegally traficked workers)

Question 25

How has migration been feminised?

Answer 25

More female migrants taking on care work, domestic work and sex work

Question 26

What did assimilation policies aim to do?

Answer 26

Aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt language,culture and values of host country

Question 27

What are the two types of diversity, according to Erikson

Answer 27

Shallow diversity-acceptable to the state e.g Chichen Tikka Masala national dish
deep diversity- e.g arranged marriages are not acceptable by the state

Question 28

What is multiculturalism?

Answer 28

A society that gives value to different cultures/values