demography

Question 1

reasons for decline in birth rates AO1

Answer 1

changing positions of women:
laws outlawing equal pay act = more women working
HARPER - increased educational achievements
changes in divorce law = easier access to divorce

children as an economic liability:
until 19th century kids were economic assets as they went to work from an early age.
now they’re economic liability because: compulsory education = kids remain economically dependent for longer, as a result = parents may be unable to afford to have a large family

fall in the infant mortality rate:
improved housing and better sanitation
better services for mothers and children
mass immunisation against childhood diseases
if infants survive, parents have fewer and they don’t have to replace the dead ones

Question 2

birth rate

Answer 2

the number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year

Question 3

infant mortality rate

Answer 3

the number of infants who die before their 1st birthday, per 1,000 babies born alive per year

Question 4

exceptions of decline in birth rates

Answer 4

baby booms - after world wars - returning servicemen having babies they postponed

Question 5

effects of changes in fertility

Answer 5

the family:
smaller families mean that the women are more likely to be free to go out to work - dual-earner

dependency ratio:
relationship between the size of the working population and the non-working dependent population.
children make up a large part of the ratio so fall in number of children reduces the ‘burden of dependency’ on working population.
BUT in the long term, fewer babies will mean fewer adults and a smaller working population - so ratio may increase again
vanishing children: falling fertility rates = fewer children. could result in a lonelier childhood

Question 6

reasons for decline in death rates

Answer 6

improved nutrition:
better nutrition and increased resistance to infection, increased chance of survival of those infected

medical improvements:
introduction of antibiotics,
setting up of NHS 1948
immunisation

public health improvements:
improvements in housing,
purer drinking water,
pasteurisation of milk

Question 7

reasons for decline in death rates - improved nutrition AO2

Answer 7

improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates

Question 8

reasons for decline in death rates - improved nutrition Ao3

Answer 8

doesn’t explain why females who receive a smaller share of family food, live longer than men

Question 9

death rate

Answer 9

the number of deaths per 1.000 of the population, per year

Question 10

death rate trend

Answer 10

1900 - 19
2012 - 8.9
= more than halved

Question 11

life expectancy

Answer 11

how long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live

Question 12

life expectancy trends

Answer 12

males born 2013 = 90.7 years
females = 94 years old

males born 1900 - live until 50
females - 57

reason for low life expectancy in 1900 - many infants and children did not survive

Question 13

AO3 class, gender and regional differneces

Answer 13

despite the overall reduction of death rates and increase in life expectancy - still differences

women live longer than men

those living in the North and Scotland have a lower life expectancy than those in the South

working-class men 3x more likely to die before 65 comparedred to men in professional jobs

Question 14

if trend with greater life-span continues what does HARPER. predict will happen

Answer 14

we will achieve ‘radical longevity’ with many people over 100 - by 2100 it will be 1 million people living to 100

Question 15

what causes the ageing population

Answer 15

increasing life expectancy
declining infant mortality
declining fertility

Question 16

ageism

Answer 16

negative stereotype and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age

Question 17

effects of the ageing population

Answer 17

public services:
older people consume a larger proportion of services such as health and social care than other age groups

dependency ratio:
economically dependent
while an increase in the number of old people raises the ratio in an ageing population, this is offset by a declining number of dependent children.

Question 18

ageism in older people

Answer 18

shows itself In discrimination in employment and unequal treatment in healthcare

Question 19

marxist view on ageism towards old people

Answer 19

the old are no use to capitalism because they’re no longer productive.
as a result the state is unwilling to support them adequately so their family has to take responsibility of their care

Question 20

postmodernism on ageing population

Answer 20

in today’s society, orderly stages of life have broken down
e.g kids dress in adult styles
:) HUNT - this means we can choose a lifestyle and identity regardless of our age
age no longer determines who we are or how we live

as. a result the old become a market for ‘body maintenance’ products and services

Question 21

immigration

Answer 21

refers to movement INTO a society

Question 22

emigration

Answer 22

refers to movement OUT

Question 23

pull factors

Answer 23

work, lifestyle, weather, education, healthcare

Question 24

push factors

Answer 24

economy, war/conflict, poverty

Question 25

UK Immigration trend

Answer 25

2014, 260,000 people into the UK

Question 26

how does immigration affect birth rate

Answer 26

increase - people are more likely to migrate when they’re younger and more fertile = more babies

Question 27

impact of migration on UK population structure

Answer 27

population size is growing - with more imigrants and emigrants

dependency ratio:
lowers it as immigrants are more likely to be of working age
but because they are younger they have more children so increase the ratio

Question 28

migration - acceleration

Answer 28

= speeding up of the rate of migration
2000-2013 increased by 33%

Question 29

migration - differentiation

Answer 29

types of migrant - permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses. globalisation increases the diversity

super-diversity = Since the 1990s, migrants have come from a wider range of countries

class differences:
Cohen
1. Citizens = full citizenship rights
2. Denizens = privileged foreign nationals, highly payed employees
3. Helots = ‘disposable units of labour’

Question 30

feminisation of migration

Answer 30

almost 1/2 of migrants are female

care work, domestic work, sex work in western countries is increasingly done by women from poor countries

global transfer of women’s emotional labour - leaving own kids to take care of someone else’s

Question 31

what is feminisation of migration a result of

Answer 31

the expansion of service occupation (traditionally employ women) = increasing demand for female labour

western men remain unwilling to do domestic labour

failure of the state to provide adequate childcare

Question 32

how is the state more involved with migration

Answer 32

have policies that seek to control migration, absorb migrants into society and deal with diversity

assimilation - encourages immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs

multiculturalism - accepts that migrants want to maintain their cultural identity

Question 33

hybrid identities

Answer 33

made up of two or more different sources, they find others accuse them of not fitting in.