couples

Question 1

parsons instrumental and expressive roles AO1

Answer 1

instrumental = husband provides for the family financially - is the breadwinner

expressive = wife is responsible for the primary socialisation of the kids and homemaker

the division of labour is based on biological differences -
woman is ‘naturally’ suited to the nurturing role and men to the provider

Question 2

parsons AO3

Answer 2

men are taking a greater share of domestic tasks and more wives are becoming wage earners

feminists reject the idea that the division is natural - it only benefits men

Question 3

segregated conjugal roles

Answer 3

couple has separate roles - male breadwinner and female homemaker

leisure is separate

Question 4

joint conjugal roles

Answer 4

couples share tasks

leisure is spent together

Question 5

young and willmott study AO2 for domestic division of labour

Answer 5

the symmetrical family was more common among younger couples. see the rise of the symmetrical nuclear family as the result of major social changes
e.g changes in women’s position

Question 6

symmetrical family and sociologists

Answer 6

Young and Willmott - MoP view
trend away from segregated roles
roles of husbands and wives are much similar

women go to work
men help with housework

Question 7

feminist view of housework

Answer 7

reject MoP view
men and women remain unequal
stems from the fact that the family and society are male-dominated and patriarchal

Oakley criticises Young and Willmott - their claims of the family being symmetrical are exaggerated
although husbands ‘helped’ their wives at least once a week its unclear the extent of the help

Question 8

only ___% of husbands had a high level of participation in the housework Ao2

Answer 8

15%

Question 9

are couples becoming more equal? - march of progress view - gershuny

Answer 9

women working full-time is leading to a more equal division of labour

Question 10

feminist view - are couples becoming equal

Answer 10

women going into work has not led to greater equality

women now carry a dual burden

couple continue to divide household tasks along traditional gender lines

Question 11

survey on men v women doing housework AO2

Answer 11

men on average did 8 hours of housework a week and women did 13 hours

Question 12

survey on men v women doing housework AO3

Answer 12

does not measure the qualitative differences in the tasks

Question 13

fathers doing hosuework AO2

Answer 13

ferri and Msith
fathers took responsibility for childacre in fewer than 4% of families

Question 14

triple shift

Answer 14

housework, paid work, emotion work

Question 15

are couples becoming more equal? - leisure time

Answer 15

scheduling family’s ‘quality time’ falls to mothers

mens leisure time = consolidated blocks
women’s = punctuated by childcare

Question 16

explanations for the unequal division of labour

Answer 16

the cultural or ideological explanation

the material or economic explanation

Question 17

the cultural explanation for unequal division

Answer 17

division is determined by patriarchal norms and values

Question 18

the material explanation for unequal division

Answer 18

the fact that women generally earn less means rear its economically rational for women to do more of the housework

Question 19

evidence for cultural explanation for the unequal division

Answer 19

equality will be achieved only when norms about gender roles change
gershuny
coupes whose parents had a more equal relationship are more likely to share housework equally themselves

Question 20

evidence for the material explanation for the unequal division

Answer 20

if women join the labour force and earn as much as their partners, we should expect to see men and women doing more equal amounts of domestic work
kan
for every £10,000 a year more a woman earns she does 2 hours less housework

Question 21

AO3 for material explanation for gender inequalities

Answer 21

feminists argue that inequalities in decision-making are not simply the result of inequalities in earnings. the cultural definition of men as decision-makers is deeply ingrained in both men and women and instilled through gender role socialisation.

Question 22

Barrett and Mcintosh ao2 - resources and decision making

Answer 22

men gain far more from women’s domestic work that they give back in financial support

Question 23

kempson ao2 - resources

Answer 23

among low income families women denied their own needs

Question 24

resources and decision-making - 2 types of control over family income

Answer 24

the allowance system

pooling

Question 25

resources and decision-making - the allowance system

Answer 25

men give their wives an allowance out of which they have to budget to meet all the family’s needs

Question 26

resources and decision-making - pooling

Answer 26

where both partners have access to income and joint responsibility for expenditure

its on the increase

Question 27

pahl and vogler ao2 pooling

Answer 27

even where there was pooling, men usually made the major financial decision making

Question 28

resources and decision-making - edgell’s study of couples

Answer 28

very important decisions - those involving finance = taken by only husband

important decisions - those about children’s education = made jointly

less important decisions - choice of home decor = made by wife

Question 29

resources and decision-making - the meaning of money

Answer 29

nyman
money has no fixed meaning and different couples define it in different ways - these meanings can reflect the nature of the relationship

Question 30

resources and decision-making - ‘personal life’ perspective on money

Answer 30

focuses on the meanings couples give to who controls the money

might assume that one partner controlling the money is a sign of inequality - for some couples it may not mean that

Question 31

resources and decision-making - personal life perspective ao2 - smart

Answer 31

some gay men and lesbians attached no importance to who controlled the money.

there’s greater freedom for same-sex couples to do what suits them as a couple because they don’t enter relationships with the same heterosexual meanings around money

Question 32

domestic violence - challenges to the idea that domestic violence is the behaviour of a few sick individuals

Answer 32

its too widespread - DV accounts for between 1/6 or 1/4 of all recorded violent crime

Dv does not occur randomly but follows social patterns - e.g its mainly violence by men against women
2 women a week are killed by a partner

Question 33

domestic violence - official statistics understate the true extent about DV AO2

Answer 33

victims may not report it to the police - on average a woman suffers 35 assaults before making a report

victims are less likely to report it because they believe it’s not a matter for the police

police may be reluctant to record because the family is a private sphere, family is a good thing so they tend to neglect the darker side

women are free agents so can leave

Question 34

domestic violence - official statistics ao3 - free agents

Answer 34

male violence is often coupled with male economic power - abused women are financially dependent on their husbands so are unable to leave

Question 35

2 explanations of DV

Answer 35

radical feminist - emphasises the role of patriarchal ideas

materialist explanation - emphasises economic factors such as lack of resources

Question 36

radical feminist explanation AO1

Answer 36

see family and marriage as the key institutions in patriarchal society and the main source of women’s oppression

men dominate through violence or threat of

DV serves to preserve the power of men - and helps to explain why it’s committed by mainly men

male domination of state institutions helps explain the reluctance of police and courts to deal effectively with cases

Question 37

radical feminist explanation ao3

Answer 37

Elliot rejects this claim that all men benefit from violence against women - not all men are aggressive - most oppose DV - radicals ignore this

radicals also fail to explain female violence (child abuse and against men) - 18% of me have experienced DV

Question 38

materialist explanation for DV AO1

Answer 38

economic and material factors - inequalities in income and housing explain why some are more at risk than others

Wilkinson and Pickett - DV as a result of stress on family members caused by social inequality <– = less resources than others = higher level so stress = higher risk of conflict and violence

for example worries about money, jobs and housing

Question 39

materialist explanation for DV ao3 - view is useful

Answer 39

Wilkinson and Pickett’s view is useful in showing how social inequality produces stress and triggers conflict and violence in families. helps to explain the class differneces in DV

Question 40

materialist explanation for DV ao3 - marxist feminism

Answer 40

marxist fems also see inequality causing DV - Ansley: wives are ‘takers of shit’ - Dv is a product of capitalism, male workers are exploited at work and take out their frustration on wives