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families > demography > Flashcards

demography Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of fertility rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 women during her fertility years

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2
Q

What does decreased fertility rate show

A

more women remaining childless and postponing having children (so there’s fewer fertile years remaining)

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3
Q

What is the average age for having children now

A

30

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4
Q

4 factors for why there is a decreased birth rate

A
  • changes in position of women
  • decline in infant mortality
  • children = economic liability
  • child centred
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5
Q

explain changes in position of women as a factor for the decreased birth rate

A

girls better in education, paid employment, contraception, changing attitudes to a woman’s role

Sarah Harper - education of women most important factor - change in mindset, other possibilities apart from mother

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6
Q

What did Sarah Harper say on the decreased birth rate

A
  • education of women most important factor - change in mindset, more likely to use family planning/ see other possibilities than mother like pursue a career
  • once pattern of low fertility rates last a gen cultural norms about family size change and large families are seen as deviant
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7
Q

one in 5 women aged __ were childless in 2012 which is double the number 25 years earlier.

A

45

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8
Q

what is the dependancy ratio

A

Relationship shown between the economically active and the non-economically active (working and dependant)

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9
Q

what is the impact of low birthrate on public services

A
  • fewer schools and maternity services
  • diff types of housing
    -fewer adults speaking up in support of child interests
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10
Q

vanishing child

A

falling fertility rates mean fewer children - lonelier experience (only child), less people speaking up for children causes

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11
Q

life expectancy

A

age an average person can expect to live

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12
Q

Tranter on reasons for the decline in death rate

A

over 3/4 of decline from 1800s to 70’s due to less deaths from infectious diseases eg. smallpox
most decline from child/young adult deaths now cancer and heart diseases replace those infection so older ppl causing it to rise

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13
Q

4 factors for the decline in death rate

A
  • improved nutrition
  • medical improvements
  • smoking and diet
  • public health measures
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14
Q

what did the gov ban to help reduce smoking

A

menthol filters

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15
Q

examples of public health measures to reduce death rate (2)

A
  • clean air acts - big push for electric cars
  • improvement in housing
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16
Q

Other social changes that have declined death rate
(employment and family)

A
  • decline in dangerous manual jobs such as mining
  • smaller families reduce transmissions of infection
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17
Q

Child centredness

A

Childhood socially constructed as a uniquely important period of life.

Families are focused on giving attention and resources to their children. Quality over quantity

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18
Q

2 factors for reason for fall in infant mortality

A

Improved housing
sanitation,
healthcare,
nutrition,
medical factors
e.g antibiotics , mass immunisation, improved midwifery

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19
Q

Why is there an ageing population? (3)

A
  • increased life expectancy
  • low infant mortality
  • declining fertility
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20
Q

Effects of ageing population (5)

A

-Public services consumed
- More one-person pensioner households
-Rising dependency ratio
- ageism
-old people viewed as an issue - not always case

21
Q

what is the average age nearly at

A

40

22
Q

what does Hirsch suggest we need to deal with an ageing population

A

need new policies
for example paying more taxes or raising retirement age.
housing policy may have to change to encourage older people to ‘trade down’ into smaller housing

23
Q

what do postmodernists argue about todays society and old age

A

fixed stages in life broken down

trends such as children dressing in adult styles and early retirement

unlike modern society consumption not production becomes key to identity

24
Q

imigration vs emigration

A

I- movement Into a society
E- movement out

25
Q

net migration

A

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. expressed as net increase or decrease

26
Q

patterns of immigration in UK during 1900s

A

from 1900-1945 mainly Irish followed by Eastern European

1950’s - Caribbean immigrants arriving
1970’s - south asian and East African

27
Q

percentage of ethnic minorities in UK by 2011

A

14%

28
Q

reasons for emigration

A

push and pull factors (economic recession, higher wages, etc)

29
Q

is net migration high or low in the UK

A

high - more immigrants than emigrants

Also, natural increase - births to non UK mothers higher

30
Q

how does immigration affect age structure

A

lowers it
directly: immigrants generally younger
indirectly: Moore fertile and thus produce more babies

31
Q

immigration affecting the dependency ratio

A
  • working so helps lower
    BUT
  • more children thereby increasing ratio
    BUT
    -longer a group is settled in the country the closer their fertility rate comes to national average reducing overall impact
32
Q

identify the four types of migrant

A
  • permanent settlers
    -temporary workers
    -spouses
    -forced migrants (refugee, asylum seeker)
33
Q

what is increasing the diversity of type of migrant

A

globalisation

34
Q

what is globalisation

A

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.

35
Q

explain the term ‘super diversity’

A

globalisation has meant migrants now come from a wider range of countries

36
Q

who discusses the term super diversity

A

Vertovec

37
Q

what are the three class types of migrants

A

citizens - full citizenship like voting, benefits

denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomed by state - work for a multinational company

helots - literally slaves, most exploited, seen as ‘disposable units of labour power’. ex: illegally trafficked workers

38
Q

what kind of jobs are helots forced to go in

A

unskilled, poorly paid work

39
Q

_____ has impacted the ‘feminisation of migrants’

A

globalisation

40
Q

explain the feminisation of migrants

A
  • used to be mainly men but women are now highest proportion
  • majority are domestic labourers, carers, or providers of sexual services
41
Q

What did Hochschild find when looking at women who did care work, nannies, and sex work (feminisation of migrants)

A
  • don’t want to be domesticated but live in patriarchal world so find care work due to limited qualifications
  • state fails to look after childcare so find other means of support
42
Q

‘hybrid identity’

A

individuals come from multiple backgrounds and cultures

43
Q

what does Eade argue about those who are second gen

A

create hierarchy for identity
religion then ethnicity then nationality

44
Q

term for people associating themselves with different cultures rather than one as an impact of globalisation

A

transnational

45
Q

what policies have been implemented to control migration patterns

A

control immigration - links to national security
assimilation
multiculturalism policies - celebrating diversity

46
Q

What does assimilation mean?

A

encourage immigrants to adopt language, values and customs of the country they have settled in / absorb a group into the culture of a larger population

47
Q

what is the problem with assimilation policies

A

transnational migrants with hybrid identities may not be willing to abandon their culture or see themselves belonging to just one nation-state

48
Q

Eriksen on multiculturalism

A

may pretend to accept migrants wanting a separate cultural identity but in practice is limited

Two aspects:
Shallow diversity - something acceptable to the state (chicken tikka masala as national dish
Deep diversity - something the state doesn’t allow - arranged marriage / veiling of women

families (7 decks)

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