demography Flashcards
Definition of fertility rate
The number of live births per 1000 women during her fertility years
What does decreased fertility rate show
more women remaining childless and postponing having children (so there’s fewer fertile years remaining)
What is the average age for having children now
30
4 factors for why there is a decreased birth rate
- changes in position of women
- decline in infant mortality
- children = economic liability
- child centred
explain changes in position of women as a factor for the decreased birth rate
girls better in education, paid employment, contraception, changing attitudes to a woman’s role
Sarah Harper - education of women most important factor - change in mindset, other possibilities apart from mother
What did Sarah Harper say on the decreased birth rate
- education of women most important factor - change in mindset, more likely to use family planning/ see other possibilities than mother like pursue a career
- once pattern of low fertility rates last a gen cultural norms about family size change and large families are seen as deviant
one in 5 women aged __ were childless in 2012 which is double the number 25 years earlier.
45
what is the dependancy ratio
Relationship shown between the economically active and the non-economically active (working and dependant)
what is the impact of low birthrate on public services
- fewer schools and maternity services
- diff types of housing
-fewer adults speaking up in support of child interests
vanishing child
falling fertility rates mean fewer children - lonelier experience (only child), less people speaking up for children causes
life expectancy
age an average person can expect to live
Tranter on reasons for the decline in death rate
over 3/4 of decline from 1800s to 70’s due to less deaths from infectious diseases eg. smallpox
most decline from child/young adult deaths now cancer and heart diseases replace those infection so older ppl causing it to rise
4 factors for the decline in death rate
- improved nutrition
- medical improvements
- smoking and diet
- public health measures
what did the gov ban to help reduce smoking
menthol filters
examples of public health measures to reduce death rate (2)
- clean air acts - big push for electric cars
- improvement in housing
Other social changes that have declined death rate
(employment and family)
- decline in dangerous manual jobs such as mining
- smaller families reduce transmissions of infection
Child centredness
Childhood socially constructed as a uniquely important period of life.
Families are focused on giving attention and resources to their children. Quality over quantity
2 factors for reason for fall in infant mortality
Improved housing
sanitation,
healthcare,
nutrition,
medical factors
e.g antibiotics , mass immunisation, improved midwifery
Why is there an ageing population? (3)
- increased life expectancy
- low infant mortality
- declining fertility
Effects of ageing population (5)
-Public services consumed
- More one-person pensioner households
-Rising dependency ratio
- ageism
-old people viewed as an issue - not always case
what is the average age nearly at
40
what does Hirsch suggest we need to deal with an ageing population
need new policies
for example paying more taxes or raising retirement age.
housing policy may have to change to encourage older people to ‘trade down’ into smaller housing
what do postmodernists argue about todays society and old age
fixed stages in life broken down
trends such as children dressing in adult styles and early retirement
unlike modern society consumption not production becomes key to identity
imigration vs emigration
I- movement Into a society
E- movement out
net migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. expressed as net increase or decrease
patterns of immigration in UK during 1900s
from 1900-1945 mainly Irish followed by Eastern European
1950’s - Caribbean immigrants arriving
1970’s - south asian and East African
percentage of ethnic minorities in UK by 2011
14%
reasons for emigration
push and pull factors (economic recession, higher wages, etc)
is net migration high or low in the UK
high - more immigrants than emigrants
Also, natural increase - births to non UK mothers higher
how does immigration affect age structure
lowers it
directly: immigrants generally younger
indirectly: Moore fertile and thus produce more babies
immigration affecting the dependency ratio
- working so helps lower
BUT - more children thereby increasing ratio
BUT
-longer a group is settled in the country the closer their fertility rate comes to national average reducing overall impact
identify the four types of migrant
- permanent settlers
-temporary workers
-spouses
-forced migrants (refugee, asylum seeker)
what is increasing the diversity of type of migrant
globalisation
what is globalisation
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
explain the term ‘super diversity’
globalisation has meant migrants now come from a wider range of countries
who discusses the term super diversity
Vertovec
what are the three class types of migrants
citizens - full citizenship like voting, benefits
denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomed by state - work for a multinational company
helots - literally slaves, most exploited, seen as ‘disposable units of labour power’. ex: illegally trafficked workers
what kind of jobs are helots forced to go in
unskilled, poorly paid work
_____ has impacted the ‘feminisation of migrants’
globalisation
explain the feminisation of migrants
- used to be mainly men but women are now highest proportion
- majority are domestic labourers, carers, or providers of sexual services
What did Hochschild find when looking at women who did care work, nannies, and sex work (feminisation of migrants)
- don’t want to be domesticated but live in patriarchal world so find care work due to limited qualifications
- state fails to look after childcare so find other means of support
‘hybrid identity’
individuals come from multiple backgrounds and cultures
what does Eade argue about those who are second gen
create hierarchy for identity
religion then ethnicity then nationality
term for people associating themselves with different cultures rather than one as an impact of globalisation
transnational
what policies have been implemented to control migration patterns
control immigration - links to national security
assimilation
multiculturalism policies - celebrating diversity
What does assimilation mean?
encourage immigrants to adopt language, values and customs of the country they have settled in / absorb a group into the culture of a larger population
what is the problem with assimilation policies
transnational migrants with hybrid identities may not be willing to abandon their culture or see themselves belonging to just one nation-state
Eriksen on multiculturalism
may pretend to accept migrants wanting a separate cultural identity but in practice is limited
Two aspects:
Shallow diversity - something acceptable to the state (chicken tikka masala as national dish
Deep diversity - something the state doesn’t allow - arranged marriage / veiling of women
