Demography

Question 1

Births:
IMR why have they declined?

Answer 1

IMR - no. Of babies death before age of 1 per thousands of living births.
- Harper says that IMR has fallen along witrh birth. This is bcos mothers r not replaceing children that died before 1 as often as in pre modern society as 1st born are more likely to survive.

Question 2

Reasons to birth rates decreasing

Changes in women positions:

Answer 2

This has some reasons:
-improved housing and sanitation, nutrition, knowledge of hygiene and childcare and welfare
Reasons of changes in women position:
-more legally equal rights with to men.
- more educational opportuinities and they see careers more valuable then just families.
- more women in paid employment
- control over divorce
Control over own fertility (abortion and contraception)

Question 3

Death rates:

Why increased?

Answer 3

• death rate: no. Of deaths per 1000 every year. The higher it is the higher the life expectancy increases every year.
• its increased bcos of:
  -medical imrpovements - after 195-, the knowldege and techniques and organisations have improved significatnly.
  NHS was set up in 1948 along with more maternity services and surgeries for heart disease deaths been reduced by 1/3
  -smoking and diet - Harper argues that its not even medical improvements making death rate low and its simply the reduction of ppl smoking.
  Although obesity has risen, medical therapies have improved it and helps reduce death of that reason.
  -improved nutrition - better nutririton reason for nearly 1/2 of the reduction in deaths. This is cos better nutrition = better resistence to infections = survival.
  However, he fails to explain why many stilll died from infectious diseases and why women tend to live longer then men.

Question 4

Public health measures and laws to help with healthcare

Answer 4

• improved housing drier and ventilated house
• pure drinking water
• laws to not let food and drink get low of quality
• clean air act (1952) recuced bad air polution

Question 5

Class, gender and regional factors:

Answer 5

although with an overall reduction of deaths, theres still differences in

Question 6

Effects on a ageing population

Answer 6

• ageing population is the average age of population increasing so theres more elderly
• older ppl spend more on public health care services like health/social care, transport and more
• they take more one person pensions- shown an increase by 12.5%.
• dependcy ratio, they are more dependent and a burden on those that works and provide for old ppl throughb taxs. This causes ageism where negative sterotyping and unequal to someone due to their age.

Question 7

Factor causing the ageing population:

Answer 7

• decline in fertility where compared to no. Of old people theres less youngs being born.
• increased life expectancy
• decline in IMR and highly anyone dies early

Question 8

Migration: