Demographics Flashcards
Net migration?
The number of people entering a country (immigrants) minus the number of people leaving a country (emigrants) in each year. When the number of immigrants is larger than the number of emigrants, a positive net migration rate occurs.
Infant mortality rate?
The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year.This is the rate for a given region.
Fertility rate?
Fertility rate measures the average number of children per woman. The global average fertility rate is just below 2.5 children per woman today. Over the last 50 years the global fertility rate has halved.
Birth rate?
The number of live births per thousand of population per year.
Death rate?
It is also known as mortality rate. It is the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year.
Dependency Ratio?
The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force and those typically in the labor force. It is used to measure the pressure on the productive population.
Replacement Level?
The fertility rate needs to be 2.1 to replace the existing population. If it is lower than 2.1, we will see an ageing population where there are more older than younger in a society.
Explain general trends in birth rate since the beginning of the 20th century?
In 2014 there were 695,233 live births and 501,424 deaths registered in England and Wales. The total number of live births in England and Wales decreased by 0.5% between 2013 and 2014. Across the twentieth century the number of live births have fluctuated, with sharp peaks at the end of World Wars 1 and 2. Live births peaked at near post-war levels again in 1964 (875,972 births), but since then lower numbers have been seen. The lowest recorded annual number of births in the twentieth century was 569,259 in 1977.
Explain general trends in the fertility rate since the beginning of the 20th century?
Over the last 50 years the global fertility rate has halved. And over the course of the modernization of societies the number of children per woman decreases very substantially. In the pre-modern era fertility rates of 4.5 to 7 children per woman were common.
Explain general trends in immigration since the beginning of the 20th century?
In the second half of the twentieth century, international migration emerged as one of the main factors in social transformation and development in all regions of the world. Its significance looks set to increase further in the twenty‐first century, as population mobility grows in volume and takes on new forms.
Explain general trends in life expectancy since the beginning of the 20th century?
Life expectancy has increased rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment. In the early 19th century, life expectancy started to increase in the early industrialized countries while it stayed low in the rest of the world. This led to a very high inequality in how health was distributed across the world. Good health in the rich countries and persistently bad health in those countries that remained poor. Over the last decades this global inequality decreased. No country in the world has a lower life expectancy than the countries with the highest life expectancy in 1800. Many countries that not long ago were suffering from bad health are catching up rapidly.In England it is around 70+ years old.
Explain general trends in death rate since the beginning of the 20th century?
The general trend is that death rates have decreased but during WW1 and WW2 they were at all time highs.
Reasons for the impact of demographic trends?
- Growth rate of the economy
- Living standards
- Consumption
What impact does an ageing population have on society?
The paper concludes that population ageing is harmful for economic growth due to the decline in labour participation rate and its negative effect is significantly magnified through the increase in social security tax and the slowdown in productivity growth.
