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Demographics Flashcards

1
Q

Birth rate definition

A

Number of kids per 1000

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2
Q

Total fertility rate definition

A

Average number of kids a woman will have in her lifetime

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3
Q

6 reasons for the decline in birth rates

A
  1. Decline in infant mortality rate
  2. Economic factors
  3. Woman’s opportunities
  4. Changing social attitudes
  5. Individualisation thesis / risk control
  6. Contraception / abortion
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4
Q

Decline in infant mortality rate - why does this decrease the birth rate?

A

Pre 1800s IMR increased (heightened death) so more babies made to replace.
Today decline in IMR so less babies need replacing.

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5
Q

Decline in infant mortality rate - Why is IMR declining?

A

Healthcare, living conditions, safe sex, nutrition

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6
Q

Economic factors - why does this decrease the birth rate?

A

Children not doing labour, economically dependent

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7
Q

Economic factors - fraction of parents delaying because of the cost

A

1/3 delay kids due to cost.
£250,000 til 18

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8
Q

Women’s opportunities - why does this decrease the birth rate?

A
  1. Legal equality - voting
  2. Education opportunities
    Harper - allowed for family planning
    Full education prominent in middle class women
  3. Payed employment - economic independence
  4. Easy divorce access
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9
Q

Changing social attitudes - why does this decrease the birth rate?

A

19th century large family desirable, now child centred. Saves money and improves living standards

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10
Q

Individualisation thesis - why does this decrease the birth rate?

A

Beck and Beck Gernsheim - individualisation=selfishness=less risks taken

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11
Q

Individualisation thesis - who made it?

A

Beck and Beck Gernsheim

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12
Q

Contraception and abortion - why does this decrease the birth rate?

A

Religious 19th century contraception bad.

Secularisation 20th century
contraception normalised

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13
Q

Contraception and abortion - when was the Abortion Act legalised?

A

1968

(Abortions existed before this however)

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14
Q

Fluctuations in birth rates - what causes the booms?

A
  1. Post wars - 1921, 1945
  2. 25 years after booms (boom babies having boom babies)
  3. Immigrants - large families, young
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15
Q

Family sizes / fertility rate
Years and how many kids they had:

A

1870 - 5
1920 - 3
2010 - 2
2020 - 1.5

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16
Q

What ethnic factors increase / decrease the fertility rate

A

Asian and black - large families
White and Chinese - small families

17
Q

Births outside of marriage
Stats 1970 to today

A

Mid 20th century having kids outside of marriage is shameful
1970 - 8%. Today x6

18
Q

Changes in marriage today

A

Marriage decreased
Cohabitation/single hood increased
Age in marriage increased - weddings expensive, risk factors

19
Q

Changes in marriages - what is the average age to marry according to the ONS

A

2020
Men - 35 years
Women - 33 years

20
Q

Aging population - what are the median ages 1985 compared to 2010?
Median - average/most common

A

1985-35
2010-39

21
Q

Aging population - causes

A
  1. Lower birth rate
  2. Increased life expectancy (more old people)
22
Q

Life expectancy ages

A

1950 Men - 65
1950 Women - 70
2020 Men - 85
2020 Women 90

23
Q

Problems with an aging population

A
  1. Increasing dependency
  2. Increased public spending
  3. Loneliness and isolation
24
Q

Increasing dependency ratio
(Under 15 or above 64 dependent on middle age).
What % of people dependent in 1995 compared to 2010?

A

1995 51%
2010 54%

25
Q

Criticisms of the increasing dependency ratio that shows elderly independent.

A

-old people work and volunteer
-improved health
- decline in birth rate evens it out

26
Q

Increased in public spending - why is this bad?

A

Elderly require lord of service eg healthcare

27
Q

Loneliness and isolation - why is this bad?

A

Effects health
- common in single. Divorce increase

28
Q

Criticisms of loneliness and isolation

A

Victor - 7% elderly lonely
Many have contacts with family

29
Q

Positives of the aging population
5

A
  1. Older workers
  2. Voluntary sector
  3. Old consumers
  4. Grandparents
  5. Beanpole families
30
Q

Old workers - key facts

A

Most remain healthy until end of life
Work past retirement
65+ contributes 40mil UK economy

31
Q

Voluntary sector - key facts

A

Retired volunteer
65+ volunteer most
100+ hours per volunteer

32
Q

Elderly consumers - key facts

A

Elderly spending power increase
Youth spending power declined
Theatre, travel, etc

33
Q

Grandparents - key facts

A

•2 parent households, both parents work
•1/3 dependent on grandparents
•Marsha Jones - reserved army of labour
•Financial contributions alive and in will

34
Q

Beanpole families - key facts

A

Vertical not horizontal - low birth rates

Soc Family (10 decks)

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