Dementia Flashcards
Three risk factors for cognitive deterioration in advanced age?
Polypharmacy Isolation and withdrawal Depression Parkinsonism Dehydration Hearing issues
Three clinical features of undetected/undiagnosed cognitive decline?
falls depression malnutrition pressure sores chronic pain
Name two antidementia drugs and their MOA
AChEIs- donepezil, rivastigmine
NMDA receptor antagonist- memantine
Describe three management options for cognitive impairment/dementia
- Lifestyle strategies- nutrition, hobbies, exercise, social
- Address polypharmacy
- Co-morbidity management e.g. parkinsonism, depression
- Antidementia medication
- Dance, music therapy
- Prevention of falls, immobility
Two degenerative causes of dementia?
Alzheimer’s
HD
PD
MS
Two differentials for dementia?
delirium, psychosis, learning disability, normal ageining, mild cognitive impairment
What are the two cognitive tests available for dementia?
Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination (ACE) and mini mental state examination
Provide two examples of reversible dementias
B12, folate deficiency, hypothyroidism, CNS tumour, depression, metabolic problems
Two differences between delirium and dementia?
rapid vs slow onset
acute vs chronic cause consciousness impairment vs no impairment
sleep cycle disturbance vs no major disturbance
agitation vs more settled
fluctuation in symptoms vs worse in evening
Three types of dementia?
- Alzheimer’s
- Vascular
- Lewy-body dementia
- Mixed (difficult to assess)
Which two abnormal proteins are necessary for AD diagnosis?
tau and beta-amyloid
Two risk factors for AD?
genetic, female, age, head injury, down’s syndrome
Discuss vascular disease as a cause of vascular dementia
stepwise progression with ischaemic insults, leading to cystic disruption.
What is an example of frontotemporal dementia?
Pick’s disease
Which abnormal protein is present in early onset familial AD?
APP (amyloid precursor protein)
