Dement and Kleitman (1957) Flashcards
what does EEG stand for?
electro-encephalograph
what does EOG stand for?
electro-oculogram
what does an EOG do?
it indicates the presence or absence of eye movements, their size and their direction
what does an EEG do?
it measures brain activity
what does REM stand for?
rapid eye movement
what is REM?
during periods of sleep our eyes move under the lids and the brain is active, the body paralyzed.
what does nREM stand for?
non rapid eye movement
what is nREM?
it is the periods of sleep where our eyes do not move
how many stages of nREM are there?
- 1 is lightest, 4 is deepest
what is REM sleep also known as?
paradoxical sleep
what are the three aims of dement and kleitman?
- test whether dream recall differs between REM and nREM
- to investigate whether there is a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and length of REM period
- test whether eye-movement patterns relate to dream content
explain the method for study 1
participants were woken from either REM or nREM, but were not told which. they confirmed if they had a dream and described content in a recorder
explain the method for study 2
participants were woken either 5 or 15 min into REM. they were asked if they thought they had been dreaming for 5 or 15 min
explain the method for study 3
direction of eye movements was detected using electrodes around the eyes (EOG). participants were woken after exhibiting a single eye-movement pattern for longer than a minute. they were asked to report their dream
describe the participants
nine adults, seven male and two female. five studied in detail, the other four used to confirm the data.
what were the IV’s and DV’s in study 1, and what kind of experiment was it?
the IV’s were REM/nREM sleep and the DV’s were whether a dream was reported, and the detail. it was a natural experiment (in a laboratory)
what kind of designs were used in study 2? describe them
both experimental and correlational designs were used. experimental - IV was waking after 5 or 15min
correlational - two variables were the participants time estimate and number of words in the dream
what were the IV’s and DV’s in study 3, and what kind of experiment was it?
the IV was eye movement, the DV was report of dream content. it was a natural experiment in a lab
describe the procedure
participants that were studied in detail (five), spent 6 to 17 nights at the lab and were tested with 50-77 awakenings. the 4 confirmation participants stayed 1 or 2 nights with 4 to 10 awakenings,
describe the results in terms of dream recall during REM and nREM. How many were recalled? How many weren’t?
REM: dream recall - 152 times no recall - 39 times nREM: dream recall - 11 times no recall - 149 times
where were electrical recording apparatus fitted on participants?
near the eyes (for eye-movement) and on the scalp (brain waves)
how were participants woken?
by a doorbell
how quickly did participants usually fall asleep after being woken?
within 5 min
what was considered a dream?
if there was a coherent description
after being awoken from nREM, what did the participants usually describe?
feelings (eg. pleasantness, anxiety, detachment) but no dream content
in study 1, how many awakenings were conducted within 8 minutes of an REM stage?
17 awakenings
in study 1, how many awakenings were conducted after 8 minutes of an REM stage?
132 awakenings
in study 1, how many dreams were recalled after being awoken within 8 minutes of an REM stage?
5 dreams
in study 1, how many dreams were recalled after being awoken within 8 minutes of an REM stage?
6 dreams
in study 1, what was the percentage of occasions in which dreams were recalled within 8 minutes of an REM stage?
29%
in study 1, what was the percentage of occasions in which dreams were recalled after 8 minutes of an REM stage?
5%
in study 1, what happened to participants falling asleep after being awoken from an nREM stage?
they returned to nREM and the next REM stage was not delayed
in study 1, what happened to participants falling asleep after being awoken from an REM stage?
they did not dream again until the next REM phase
in study 1, what affects the likely hood of dream recall when being awoken from nREM?
dream recall was much more likely when participants were woken soon after the end of an REM stage
describe the general results of study 2
when asked whether they had been in REM sleep for 5 or 15 minutes, participants responded were 88 per cent and 78 percent accurate respectively for 5- or 15- minute REM durations.
in study 2, describe the one participant whose results differed from others
participant DN frequently found he could recall only the end of his dream, so it seemed shorter than it actually was.
in study 2, describe the correlation between REM duration and number of words
the was a significant positive correlation. the r values varied between 0.40 and 0.71 for different participants
