Dement and Kleitman (1957)

Question 1

what does EEG stand for?

Answer 1

electro-encephalograph

Question 2

what does EOG stand for?

Answer 2

electro-oculogram

Question 3

what does an EOG do?

Answer 3

it indicates the presence or absence of eye movements, their size and their direction

Question 4

what does an EEG do?

Answer 4

it measures brain activity

Question 5

what does REM stand for?

Answer 5

rapid eye movement

Question 6

what is REM?

Answer 6

during periods of sleep our eyes move under the lids and the brain is active, the body paralyzed.

Question 7

what does nREM stand for?

Answer 7

non rapid eye movement

Question 8

what is nREM?

Answer 8

it is the periods of sleep where our eyes do not move

Question 9

how many stages of nREM are there?

Answer 9

4. 1 is lightest, 4 is deepest

Question 10

what is REM sleep also known as?

Answer 10

paradoxical sleep

Question 11

what are the three aims of dement and kleitman?

Answer 11

1. test whether dream recall differs between REM and nREM
2. to investigate whether there is a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and length of REM period
3. test whether eye-movement patterns relate to dream content

Question 12

explain the method for study 1

Answer 12

participants were woken from either REM or nREM, but were not told which. they confirmed if they had a dream and described content in a recorder

Question 13

explain the method for study 2

Answer 13

participants were woken either 5 or 15 min into REM. they were asked if they thought they had been dreaming for 5 or 15 min

Question 14

explain the method for study 3

Answer 14

direction of eye movements was detected using electrodes around the eyes (EOG). participants were woken after exhibiting a single eye-movement pattern for longer than a minute. they were asked to report their dream

Question 15

describe the participants

Answer 15

nine adults, seven male and two female. five studied in detail, the other four used to confirm the data.

Question 16

what were the IV’s and DV’s in study 1, and what kind of experiment was it?

Answer 16

the IV’s were REM/nREM sleep and the DV’s were whether a dream was reported, and the detail. it was a natural experiment (in a laboratory)

Question 17

what kind of designs were used in study 2? describe them

Answer 17

both experimental and correlational designs were used. experimental - IV was waking after 5 or 15min
correlational - two variables were the participants time estimate and number of words in the dream

Question 18

what were the IV’s and DV’s in study 3, and what kind of experiment was it?

Answer 18

the IV was eye movement, the DV was report of dream content. it was a natural experiment in a lab

Question 19

describe the procedure

Answer 19

participants that were studied in detail (five), spent 6 to 17 nights at the lab and were tested with 50-77 awakenings. the 4 confirmation participants stayed 1 or 2 nights with 4 to 10 awakenings,

Question 20

describe the results in terms of dream recall during REM and nREM. How many were recalled? How many weren’t?

Answer 20

REM:
dream recall - 152 times
no recall - 39 times
nREM:
dream recall - 11 times
no recall - 149 times

Question 21

where were electrical recording apparatus fitted on participants?

Answer 21

near the eyes (for eye-movement) and on the scalp (brain waves)

Question 22

how were participants woken?

Answer 22

by a doorbell

Question 23

how quickly did participants usually fall asleep after being woken?

Answer 23

within 5 min

Question 24

what was considered a dream?

Answer 24

if there was a coherent description

Question 25

after being awoken from nREM, what did the participants usually describe?

Answer 25

feelings (eg. pleasantness, anxiety, detachment) but no dream content

Question 26

in study 1, how many awakenings were conducted within 8 minutes of an REM stage?

Answer 26

17 awakenings

Question 27

in study 1, how many awakenings were conducted after 8 minutes of an REM stage?

Answer 27

132 awakenings

Question 28

in study 1, how many dreams were recalled after being awoken within 8 minutes of an REM stage?

Answer 28

5 dreams

Question 29

in study 1, how many dreams were recalled after being awoken within 8 minutes of an REM stage?

Answer 29

6 dreams

Question 30

in study 1, what was the percentage of occasions in which dreams were recalled within 8 minutes of an REM stage?

Answer 30

29%

Question 31

in study 1, what was the percentage of occasions in which dreams were recalled after 8 minutes of an REM stage?

Answer 31

5%

Question 32

in study 1, what happened to participants falling asleep after being awoken from an nREM stage?

Answer 32

they returned to nREM and the next REM stage was not delayed

Question 33

in study 1, what happened to participants falling asleep after being awoken from an REM stage?

Answer 33

they did not dream again until the next REM phase

Question 34

in study 1, what affects the likely hood of dream recall when being awoken from nREM?

Answer 34

dream recall was much more likely when participants were woken soon after the end of an REM stage

Question 35

describe the general results of study 2

Answer 35

when asked whether they had been in REM sleep for 5 or 15 minutes, participants responded were 88 per cent and 78 percent accurate respectively for 5- or 15- minute REM durations.

Question 36

in study 2, describe the one participant whose results differed from others

Answer 36

participant DN frequently found he could recall only the end of his dream, so it seemed shorter than it actually was.

Question 37

in study 2, describe the correlation between REM duration and number of words

Answer 37

the was a significant positive correlation. the r values varied between 0.40 and 0.71 for different participants