Demarcation of science: Paradigms

Question 1

Puzzle solving

Answer 1

There are problems to solve

Question 2

Paradigms

Answer 2

The groundwork one is working on. This can change

Question 3

Revolution

Answer 3

The change that happen that a new normal science is needed. We accept new theories

Question 4

Normal science

Answer 4

A ruling paradigm states the accepted theory of the day
Their [textbooks] achievement was sufficiently unprecedented to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity
It was sufficiently open-ended to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve

Question 5

Incommensurability

Answer 5

Impossible to measure or compare

Question 6

Descriptive theory

Answer 6

Claims to describe how things really are, as opposed to how they should be

Question 7

Non-linearity

Answer 7

Science does not add up linear. With a new paradigm it starts over

Question 8

Accumulation of abnormalities

Answer 8

Multiple observations that does not fit with the current paradigm

Question 9

Replication crisis

Answer 9

Multiple papers and experiments do not give the same results when other researchers try to replicate them

Question 10

Neutral/raw observations

Answer 10

Do not exist. Everything arises from a context

Question 11

Context of discovery

Answer 11

When and how something was discovered

Question 12

Context of justification

Answer 12

How to say if something is valid (typically observations)

Question 13

Crises

Answer 13

Can occur when there are observations that do not fit with the current normal science

Question 14

Resolution

Answer 14

An official decision that is made after a group or organization has voted.
“A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it”

Question 15

Immature science

Answer 15

Accumulation of effects to be explained.
Lack of agreed upon standard theories
Lack of standard theory means that observation will be understood differently

Question 16

Effects in psychology

Answer 16

McGurk effect
Stroop interference
Reasoning errors
Visual illusions
Recency/primacy effects
Pop-out effect
Many priming effects

Question 17

Paradigms of cognitive science

Answer 17

Behaviorism
Computationalism
Connectionism
Predictive processing

Question 18

Ontology

Answer 18

Asks what exists

Question 19

Epistemology

Answer 19

Asks how we can know of the existence of something

Question 20

Knowledge accumulation

Answer 20

How knowledge adds up. There are 4 different models:
1. Linear increase of knowledge
2. Increase of knowledge with accelerations
3. Paradigm shift
4. Distinct models

Question 21

Model of how to do science

Answer 21

Immature science –> Normal science –> Crisis –> Revolution –> Resolution –> Normal science

Question 22

Holism

Answer 22

The theory that parts of a whole are in intimate interconnection, such that they cannot exist independently of the whole, or cannot be understood without reference to the whole, which is thus regarded as greater than the sum of its parts

Question 23

Normative

Answer 23

The way you should do something (science)

Question 24

Scientific revolution

Answer 24

Change in paradigm.
What changes with a paradigm is only the scientist’s interpretation of observations that themselves are fixed once and for all by the nature of the environment and of the perceptual apparatus.
After a scientific revolution, many old measurements and manipulations become irrelevant and are replaced by others instead

Question 25

Meaning of a term

Answer 25

The meaning of a term in a theory is dependent on its functional role in that theory