Demarcation of science: Paradigms Flashcards
Puzzle solving
There are problems to solve
Paradigms
The groundwork one is working on. This can change
Revolution
The change that happen that a new normal science is needed. We accept new theories
Normal science
A ruling paradigm states the accepted theory of the day
Their [textbooks] achievement was sufficiently unprecedented to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity
It was sufficiently open-ended to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve
Incommensurability
Impossible to measure or compare
Descriptive theory
Claims to describe how things really are, as opposed to how they should be
Non-linearity
Science does not add up linear. With a new paradigm it starts over
Accumulation of abnormalities
Multiple observations that does not fit with the current paradigm
Replication crisis
Multiple papers and experiments do not give the same results when other researchers try to replicate them
Neutral/raw observations
Do not exist. Everything arises from a context
Context of discovery
When and how something was discovered
Context of justification
How to say if something is valid (typically observations)
Crises
Can occur when there are observations that do not fit with the current normal science
Resolution
An official decision that is made after a group or organization has voted.
“A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it”
Immature science
Accumulation of effects to be explained.
Lack of agreed upon standard theories
Lack of standard theory means that observation will be understood differently
Effects in psychology
McGurk effect
Stroop interference
Reasoning errors
Visual illusions
Recency/primacy effects
Pop-out effect
Many priming effects
Paradigms of cognitive science
Behaviorism
Computationalism
Connectionism
Predictive processing
Ontology
Asks what exists
Epistemology
Asks how we can know of the existence of something
Knowledge accumulation
How knowledge adds up. There are 4 different models:
1. Linear increase of knowledge
2. Increase of knowledge with accelerations
3. Paradigm shift
4. Distinct models
Model of how to do science
Immature science –> Normal science –> Crisis –> Revolution –> Resolution –> Normal science
Holism
The theory that parts of a whole are in intimate interconnection, such that they cannot exist independently of the whole, or cannot be understood without reference to the whole, which is thus regarded as greater than the sum of its parts
Normative
The way you should do something (science)
Scientific revolution
Change in paradigm.
What changes with a paradigm is only the scientist’s interpretation of observations that themselves are fixed once and for all by the nature of the environment and of the perceptual apparatus.
After a scientific revolution, many old measurements and manipulations become irrelevant and are replaced by others instead
Meaning of a term
The meaning of a term in a theory is dependent on its functional role in that theory
