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Human Disease/Therapeutics > Degenerative Disorders > Flashcards

Degenerative Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is an excitatory amino acid that could be a mechanism for a CNS degenerative disorder?

A

Glutamate overstimulating NMDA/AMPA receptors

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2
Q

What is the usual age of onset for Parkinson’s disease?

A

60 yrs (only 10% will have onset before 60)

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3
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural problems, drooling, slurred speech, and depression

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4
Q

What histologic feature is seen in Parkinsons?

A

Lewy bodies

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5
Q

What are late symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

Depression leading to reclusiveness, immobility, and bowel incontinence

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6
Q

What is the occurrence of Parkinson’s past 80 yrs of age?

A

50%

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7
Q

Which neurotransmitter is diminished in Parkinson’s?

A

Dopamine (DA)

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8
Q

What part of the brain degrades in Parkinson’s?

A

The striatum nigra (due to DA radicals)

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9
Q

What are some possible environmental causes for Parkinson’s?

A

pesticide exposure, head trauma, DA turning into quinones, Mg or Hg exposure

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10
Q

What drug combination is popular to use with Parkinson’s patients?

A

L-dopa + cabidopa

meant to increase DA levels

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11
Q

What is L-dopa?

A

A precursor to DA (large doses must be given to benefit pt)

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12
Q

What is cabidopa?

A

A drug inhibiting peripheral metabolism of L-dopa

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13
Q

What drug might be beneficial for the Parkinson’s patient to reduce drooling?

A

Benztropin (one of the side effects is xerostomia)

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14
Q

Which drug can improve the effect of carbidopa and L-dopa on Parkinson’s?

A

Entacapone

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15
Q

What MAO inhibitor alters the progression of Parkinson’s?

A

Selegiline

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16
Q

What surgical approach is used to increase DA in the brain?

A

Deep brain stimulation (most effective in early parkinson’s)

17
Q

What is the only drug used to medicate for Parkinson’s that doesn’t cause xerostomia?

A

Selegiline (because it isn’t a working on cholinergic pathways)

18
Q

What are some side effect of L-dopa?

A

Bruxism, psychosis, confusion

19
Q

What is one important dental consideration with Parkinson’s patients?

A

They have difficulty swallowing so we need to use high-volume suction

20
Q

What are some general dental considerations for Parkinson’s pts?

A

Major procedures should be completed in early PD, appts should be short as possible and after PD meds have been taken

21
Q

Abnormal movements seen in Huntington’s disease are from what?

A

Too much DA in the striatum nigra projection

22
Q

What symptoms are experienced in early Huntington’s?

A

Diminished judgement and depression

23
Q

What part of the brain is lost in Huntington’s?

A

The caudate neurons

24
Q

What causes Huntington’s?

A

A genetic trait that increases Glutamate activity on NMDA receptors, ultimately burning them out

25
Q

What are three drugs that are used to treat Huntington’s?

A

Haloperidol (D2 antagonist), Cytalopram (SSRI), and Baclofen (GABA agonist)

26
Q

What is haloperidol?

A

A D2 antagonist meant to decrease the DA stimulation occurring in the brain

27
Q

What is Cytalopram?

A

An SSRI used to fight depression by increasing serotonin signaling

28
Q

What is Baclofen?

A

A GABA agonist used to reduce the bradykinesia and muscle rigidity

29
Q

What are three areas of the brain involved in Alzheimer’s?

A
  • hippocampus
  • frontal cortex
  • nucleus basalis
30
Q

What autosomal syndrome has an increased incidence in early onset Alzheimer’s?

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

31
Q

Name two histologic features in Alzheimer’s?

A

Senile plaques of β amyloid, and Neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein

32
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in Alzheimer’s?

A

ACh is decreased, (β amyloid and tau protein are compromised)

33
Q

What drug is given to increase ACh in Alzheimer’s patients?

A

Donepezil

34
Q

What happens to the patient in multiple sclerosis?

A

An immune response destroys myelination of axons

35
Q

What is the pathophysiology of MS?

A

possible viral infection causing acute inflammatory episodes, possible genetic component

36
Q

Name the four classifications of MS.

A
  • benign
  • relapsing remission
  • relapsing progressive
  • chronic progression
37
Q

Because MS is an inflammatory problem, what could we give the patient?

A

A steroid for antiinflammation (like Prednisone)

Human Disease/Therapeutics (12 decks)

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