Definitions - Week 9 Flashcards
Emotion
The subjective reaction that we experience in response to some environmental stimulus.
Discrete Emotion Theory
The theory that basic emotions are innate and associated and distinctive bodily and facial reactions.
Functionalist Perspective
Regarding emotional development, a theoretical perspective that views emotions as playing an adaptive role, helping individuals to achieve specific goals related to survival.
Emotional Expression
The individual’s ability to exhibit a range of emotions
Emotional Recognition
The ability to recognize or become aware of emotions in others
Emotional Understanding
The ability to verbally label and comprehend the use of emotions in oneself or others.
Emotional Self-Regualtion
The ability to control one’s own emotional expressions
Primary Emotions
Emotions that emerge during the first year of life, including distress, disgust, interest, surprise, contentment, joy, anger, sadness, and fear.
Secondary (self-conscious) Emotions
Emotions that emerge during the second year of life or later, including shame, embarrassment, coyness, shyness, empathy, guilt, jealousy, envy, pride and contentment.
Endognous Smile
Smiles that are elicited by an infant’s internal states, as opposed to something in the external environment.
Social Smiling
Smiling in response to social events.
Preparing Learning
The idea that animals are prepared by natural selection to attend to and acquire some things more readily than others.
Empathy
The ability to recognize, precise and fell the emotions another.
Contagious Crying
Crying that occurs when newborns cry in response to the cries of other newborns.
Social Referencing
An infants use of another persons emotional cues to interpret an ambiguous or uncertain event.
Infant-Directed Speech
The specialized register of speech that adults and older children use when talking specifically to infants and young children.
Emotional Autonomy
In adolescence, increase in a subjective sense of independence especially in relation to parents or parental figures.
Internalizing Problems
Emotional problems that addict the people who experience them ( they internalize their problems or turn inward) and include anxiety disorders, depression and eating disorder among others
Externalizing Problems
Emotional problems reflected by acting out such that ones behaviour adversely affects other people
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
A type of externalizing problem in childhood that is characterized by a pattern of defiant uncooperative and hostile behaviour toward adults that interferes with a child’s daily functioning.
Conduct Disorder
Form of externalizing problem characterized by different types of antisocial behaviour, such as physical and verbal aggression, vandalism and theft
Depression
A modification in mood consisting of one or more of three components: feelings of sadness, a sense of unease or loss of a sense of pleasure
Cortisol
One os several hormones and biochemicals associated with people’s ability to regulate aspects of their physiology and behaviour in response to stress
Temperament
The term that developmental psychologists use to refer to personality in infants and young children
Biological Sensitivity to Context
Degree to which individuals are biologically sensitive to environmental contexts
Easy Babies
Infants described as having regular patterns of eating, sleeping, and toiling. They easily adjust to new situations and have a generally positive mood. They are eager to approach objects and people and react to events with low to moderate levels of intensity.
Difficult babies
Infants described as being unpredictable, having generally negative moods, difficulty adjusting to new situations and react to events with high levels of intensity.
Slow-to-warm-up Babies
Infants described as having a slow pattern of reran. They have a difficult time adapting to new situations, show tendency to withdraw in novel situations and are generally low in activity.
Negative Emotionality
A dimension of temperament linked to anger/irritability, fearfulness and sadness
Surgency (or extraversion)
A dimension of temperament related to positive affect and activity, reflected in high activity level, smiling and laughter and high-intensity expression of pleasure.
Orienting/regulation
A dimension of temperament that is associated with effortful control in early childhood which is linked to the capacity to inhibit a dominate response and reorient attention to another goal
Effortful control
In temperament theory the ability to regulate ones emotions. Effortful control is necessary for focused attention and is involved in tasks requiring executive function processes involved regulating attention and aspects of information processing
Personality
Reliable behavioural traits that describe how individuals interact with their world, emphasizing that it is biologically based, observable early in life and stable over time
Five factor model
A model that described personality in terms of five core traits - extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience
Extraversion
Factor in the Five factor model that focuses on how gregarious cheerful, energetic and withdrawn individuals are
Neuroticism
Focuses on how afraid touchy tearful and ready individuals are
Conscientiousness
Conscientious individuals are diligent playful careful and focused, whereas those low in this trait are irresponsible unreliable careless and distractible
Agreeableness
Agreeable individuals are cooperative considerate empathetic generous polite and kind, whereas disagreeable people are aggressive rude spiteful stubborn cynical and manipulative
Openness to Experience
Focuses on how original creative aesthetically sensitive knowledgeable and curious individuals are
Risk Taking
Engaging in behaviours that can result in harm to the individual
Personal Fable
A belief in ones uniqueness and invulnerability, which is an expression of adolescent egocentrism
Theory of Mind
A persons concepts of mental activity. Used to refer to how children conceptualize mental activity and how they attribute intention to and predict the behaviour of others
Bicultural Identity
The ability of people to integrate their ethnic identity with that of the majority culture in which they are living
Belief-desire reasoning
The process whereby we explain and predict what people do based on what we understand their desires and beliefs to be
Intentional Agents
Individuals who cause things to happen and whose behaviour is designed to achieve some goal
Perspective taking
The ability to take the point of view of others
Shared Attention (Joint Attention)
Two people both attending to the same thing or event and sharing that experience
False-Belief tasks
A type os task used in theory of mind studies in which the child must infer that another person hold a belief that is false
Autism
A developmental disorder characterized by severe social and communicative disabilities
Promiscuous teleology
Children tendency to reason about events and objects in terms of purpose
Finalism
Young children tendency to attribute human to natural events
Mindblindness
Expression used to describe the difficulty that people with autism typically show in reading other peoples minds
Mimicry
A form of social learning that involves that duplication of behaviour without any understanding of the goal of that behaviour
Emulation
A form of social learning that refers to understanding the goal of a model and engaging in similar behaviour to achieve that goal without necessarily reproducing the exact actions of the model
Imitative Learning
A form of social leaning that requires that the observer take the perspective of the model understand the models goal and reproduce important portions of the models behaviour
Teaching
A form of social learning in which a more accomplished person intentionally conveys his or her knowledge and or skills to a less accomplished person
Mirror Neurons
A neuron found in both monkeys and humans that fires both when an individual acts when an individual observes the same action performed by another
