Definitions - Week 9

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

The subjective reaction that we experience in response to some environmental stimulus.

Question 2

Discrete Emotion Theory

Answer 2

The theory that basic emotions are innate and associated and distinctive bodily and facial reactions.

Question 3

Functionalist Perspective

Answer 3

Regarding emotional development, a theoretical perspective that views emotions as playing an adaptive role, helping individuals to achieve specific goals related to survival.

Question 4

Emotional Expression

Answer 4

The individual’s ability to exhibit a range of emotions

Question 5

Emotional Recognition

Answer 5

The ability to recognize or become aware of emotions in others

Question 6

Emotional Understanding

Answer 6

The ability to verbally label and comprehend the use of emotions in oneself or others.

Question 7

Emotional Self-Regualtion

Answer 7

The ability to control one’s own emotional expressions

Question 8

Primary Emotions

Answer 8

Emotions that emerge during the first year of life, including distress, disgust, interest, surprise, contentment, joy, anger, sadness, and fear.

Question 9

Secondary (self-conscious) Emotions

Answer 9

Emotions that emerge during the second year of life or later, including shame, embarrassment, coyness, shyness, empathy, guilt, jealousy, envy, pride and contentment.

Question 10

Endognous Smile

Answer 10

Smiles that are elicited by an infant’s internal states, as opposed to something in the external environment.

Question 11

Social Smiling

Answer 11

Smiling in response to social events.

Question 12

Preparing Learning

Answer 12

The idea that animals are prepared by natural selection to attend to and acquire some things more readily than others.

Question 13

Empathy

Answer 13

The ability to recognize, precise and fell the emotions another.

Question 14

Contagious Crying

Answer 14

Crying that occurs when newborns cry in response to the cries of other newborns.

Question 15

Social Referencing

Answer 15

An infants use of another persons emotional cues to interpret an ambiguous or uncertain event.

Question 16

Infant-Directed Speech

Answer 16

The specialized register of speech that adults and older children use when talking specifically to infants and young children.

Question 17

Emotional Autonomy

Answer 17

In adolescence, increase in a subjective sense of independence especially in relation to parents or parental figures.

Question 18

Internalizing Problems

Answer 18

Emotional problems that addict the people who experience them ( they internalize their problems or turn inward) and include anxiety disorders, depression and eating disorder among others

Question 19

Externalizing Problems

Answer 19

Emotional problems reflected by acting out such that ones behaviour adversely affects other people

Question 20

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Answer 20

A type of externalizing problem in childhood that is characterized by a pattern of defiant uncooperative and hostile behaviour toward adults that interferes with a child’s daily functioning.

Question 21

Conduct Disorder

Answer 21

Form of externalizing problem characterized by different types of antisocial behaviour, such as physical and verbal aggression, vandalism and theft

Question 22

Depression

Answer 22

A modification in mood consisting of one or more of three components: feelings of sadness, a sense of unease or loss of a sense of pleasure

Question 23

Cortisol

Answer 23

One os several hormones and biochemicals associated with people’s ability to regulate aspects of their physiology and behaviour in response to stress

Question 24

Temperament

Answer 24

The term that developmental psychologists use to refer to personality in infants and young children

Question 25

Biological Sensitivity to Context

Answer 25

Degree to which individuals are biologically sensitive to environmental contexts

Question 26

Easy Babies

Answer 26

Infants described as having regular patterns of eating, sleeping, and toiling. They easily adjust to new situations and have a generally positive mood. They are eager to approach objects and people and react to events with low to moderate levels of intensity.

Question 27

Difficult babies

Answer 27

Infants described as being unpredictable, having generally negative moods, difficulty adjusting to new situations and react to events with high levels of intensity.

Question 28

Slow-to-warm-up Babies

Answer 28

Infants described as having a slow pattern of reran. They have a difficult time adapting to new situations, show tendency to withdraw in novel situations and are generally low in activity.

Question 29

Negative Emotionality

Answer 29

A dimension of temperament linked to anger/irritability, fearfulness and sadness

Question 30

Surgency (or extraversion)

Answer 30

A dimension of temperament related to positive affect and activity, reflected in high activity level, smiling and laughter and high-intensity expression of pleasure.

Question 31

Orienting/regulation

Answer 31

A dimension of temperament that is associated with effortful control in early childhood which is linked to the capacity to inhibit a dominate response and reorient attention to another goal

Question 32

Effortful control

Answer 32

In temperament theory the ability to regulate ones emotions. Effortful control is necessary for focused attention and is involved in tasks requiring executive function processes involved regulating attention and aspects of information processing

Question 33

Personality

Answer 33

Reliable behavioural traits that describe how individuals interact with their world, emphasizing that it is biologically based, observable early in life and stable over time

Question 34

Five factor model

Answer 34

A model that described personality in terms of five core traits - extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience

Question 35

Extraversion

Answer 35

Factor in the Five factor model that focuses on how gregarious cheerful, energetic and withdrawn individuals are

Question 36

Neuroticism

Answer 36

Focuses on how afraid touchy tearful and ready individuals are

Question 37

Conscientiousness

Answer 37

Conscientious individuals are diligent playful careful and focused, whereas those low in this trait are irresponsible unreliable careless and distractible

Question 38

Agreeableness

Answer 38

Agreeable individuals are cooperative considerate empathetic generous polite and kind, whereas disagreeable people are aggressive rude spiteful stubborn cynical and manipulative

Question 39

Openness to Experience

Answer 39

Focuses on how original creative aesthetically sensitive knowledgeable and curious individuals are

Question 40

Risk Taking

Answer 40

Engaging in behaviours that can result in harm to the individual

Question 41

Personal Fable

Answer 41

A belief in ones uniqueness and invulnerability, which is an expression of adolescent egocentrism

Question 42

Theory of Mind

Answer 42

A persons concepts of mental activity. Used to refer to how children conceptualize mental activity and how they attribute intention to and predict the behaviour of others

Question 43

Bicultural Identity

Answer 43

The ability of people to integrate their ethnic identity with that of the majority culture in which they are living

Question 44

Belief-desire reasoning

Answer 44

The process whereby we explain and predict what people do based on what we understand their desires and beliefs to be

Question 45

Intentional Agents

Answer 45

Individuals who cause things to happen and whose behaviour is designed to achieve some goal

Question 46

Perspective taking

Answer 46

The ability to take the point of view of others

Question 47

Shared Attention (Joint Attention)

Answer 47

Two people both attending to the same thing or event and sharing that experience

Question 48

False-Belief tasks

Answer 48

A type os task used in theory of mind studies in which the child must infer that another person hold a belief that is false

Question 49

Autism

Answer 49

A developmental disorder characterized by severe social and communicative disabilities

Question 50

Promiscuous teleology

Answer 50

Children tendency to reason about events and objects in terms of purpose

Question 51

Finalism

Answer 51

Young children tendency to attribute human to natural events

Question 52

Mindblindness

Answer 52

Expression used to describe the difficulty that people with autism typically show in reading other peoples minds

Question 53

Mimicry

Answer 53

A form of social learning that involves that duplication of behaviour without any understanding of the goal of that behaviour

Question 54

Emulation

Answer 54

A form of social learning that refers to understanding the goal of a model and engaging in similar behaviour to achieve that goal without necessarily reproducing the exact actions of the model

Question 55

Imitative Learning

Answer 55

A form of social leaning that requires that the observer take the perspective of the model understand the models goal and reproduce important portions of the models behaviour

Question 56

Teaching

Answer 56

A form of social learning in which a more accomplished person intentionally conveys his or her knowledge and or skills to a less accomplished person

Question 57

Mirror Neurons

Answer 57

A neuron found in both monkeys and humans that fires both when an individual acts when an individual observes the same action performed by another