Definitions - Week 7 Flashcards
Intelligence
Ability to think and act in ways that are goal-directed and adaptive.
Psychometric Approach
An approach to cognition that assumes that intelligence and other cognitive abilities can be described in terms of a series of mental factors, then in turn, can be assessed by standardized tests.
Factors
In psychometric approaches to intelligence, a set of related mental skills (such as verbal or spatial skills) that underlines intellectual functioning.
Positive Manifold
The high correlations among scores on a sets of cognitive tests that have little in common with one another in terms of content or types of strategies.
General Intelligence
In psychometric theory, the idea that intelligence can be expressed in terms of a single factor, called g
Fluid Abilities
Intellectual abilities that are biologically determined and reflected in tests of memory span and spatial thinking.
Crystallized Abilities
Intellectual abilities that develop from cultural context and learning experience
Hierarchical Model of Cognitive Abilities
The model that proposes that intelligence is composed of specific cognitive abilities that are intercorrelated and influenced by a higher-order general intellectual factor, g.
IQ Test
Test whose main purpose is to provide an index that quantifies intelligence levels.
Wechsler Scales
Individually administered IQ tests, including the WPPSI, the WISC and WAIS.
Stanford-Binet
An individually administered IQ test for people 2 years old to adulthood
Stereotype Threat
Phenomenon in which minority members preform worse on IQ or other tests after being reminded of a negative stereotype concerning their groups performance on such tests.
Pygmalion Effect
A form of self-fulling prophecy in which a person internalizes the expectations of an authority figure.
Flynn Effect
They systematic increase in IQ scores observed over the 20th century.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Stenbergs theory that describes intelligence in terms of three sub theories or types of intelligence - contextual, experiential and componential.
Componential Subtheory (Analytic Intelligence)
In Stenberg’s Triarchic theory, an information processing model describing type of intelligence that includes three types of components - knowledge acquisition, performance and metacomponents.
Experiential Subtheory (Creative Intelligence)
In Stenberg’s Triarchic theory,type of intelligence concerned with how prior knowledge influences performance, specifically with the individuals ability to deal with novelty and the degree to which processing is automatic.
Contextual Subtheory (Practical Intelligence)
In Stenberg’s Triarchic theory, type of intelligence expressed by the idea that intelligence must be viewed in terms of the context in which it occurs. People gifted in this subtheory have ‘Street Smarts’
Adaptation
Adjusting ones behaviour to obtain a good fit with ones environment.
Selection
The selection of environments in which to interact.
Shaping
The ability to modify or shape the behaviours of others.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner’s theory postulating eight components or modules of intelligence - 1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Musical 4. Spatial 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Interpersonal 7. Interpersonal 8. Naturalistic.
Savants Syndrome
Individuals who show some type of genius, usually in a single area, but also display some form of mental disability in the rest.
Prodigy
A child with greenly typical abilities in all but a small number of areas (usually one) in which he or she displays precocious talent.
Cumulative Deficit Effect
the phenomenon by which multiple risks persisting over many years add up, resulting in children who display deficits in social, emotional and cognitive functioning.
Compensatory Education programs
Programs designed to provide preschool children from low-income homes with the intellectual skills necessary to perform well in primary school.
Biologically Secondary Abilities
Cognitive abilities that build on biologically primary abilities but are principally cultural inventions, and often-tendious repetition and external motivation are necessary for their mastery, such as reading.
Biologically Primary Abilities
Cognitive abilities that have been selected for in evolution, are required universally and children typically have high motivation to perform tasks involving them, such as language.
Matthew Effect
The phenomenon in which the difference between good and poor readers increase over time.
Emergent Literacy
The skills, knowledge and attitudes that are presumed to be developmental precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing during early childhood and the environments that support these developments.
Phonemic Awareness
The knowledge that words consist of parable sounds.
Phonics
Reading instruction method on learning letter-sound correspondence
Phonological Recording
Reading skills used to translate written symbols into sounds and words.
Dyslexia
Difficultly in learning to read despite having an average level of intelligence and good education opportunities.
Whole Language Approach
A top-down approach to teaching, reading that emphasizes the readers active construction of meaning.
Sum Strategy
An addition strategy used by young children that involves counting together the two addends (that is one after the other) of a problem.
Min Strategy
An arithmetic strategy in which children faced with an addition problem start with the largest addend and count up from there.
Fact Retrieval
The retrieval of a fact directly from long-term memory without using effortful procedures.
