Definitions - Week 10

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

Close emotional relationship exhibited by a child toward a caregiver expressed by maintaining physical proximity, stress upon separation and relief of stress upon reunion

Question 2

Hospitalism

Answer 2

The deteriorating effects on infants of long term confinement to hospitals or similar institutions

Question 3

Bonding

Answer 3

The process of a mothers falling in love with her infant shortly after birth

Question 4

Seperation Distress

Answer 4

Infants distress response on being left by their attachment figure

Question 5

Fear of Strangers

Answer 5

Pattern of behaviour displayed by infants during second half of the first year that serves as an indication that the infant has developed an attachment for his or her caretaker

Question 6

Strange Situation

Answer 6

A technique developed by Ainsworth and her colleagues to assess quality of attachment in young children

Question 7

Secure attachment

Answer 7

Optimal type of attachment where infants display confidence when their caregivers are present show mild distress when temporarily left alone and quickly reestablish contact with caregivers upon their return

Question 8

Insecure resistance attachment

Answer 8

An insecure style of attachment in which infants keep very close to their caregivers and tend not to explore much. They become distressed when their caregivers leave them temporary but display under and initially rejection to contact when the caregiver returns

Question 9

Insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 9

An insecure style of attachment in which infants show little distress when their caregiver departs temporarily avoid contact with them when they return and usually do not show wariness of the stranger

Question 10

Disorganized attachment

Answer 10

Attachment style in which infants seek to be close to their caregivers in inconsistent ways, often showing patterns typical of secure insecure avoidant and or insecure resistant attachment simultaneously

Question 11

Attachment Q-Set

Answer 11

Method for assessing infant caregiver attachment in which the caregiver or a trained observer sorts 90 statements describing a certain attachment relationship into pre-established categories (most alike to least alike)

Question 12

Interactional Synchrony

Answer 12

Mother-infant harmonious interaction where partners take turns responding to each others leads needs and emotions

Question 13

Internal working models of attachment

Answer 13

Mental models models to describe children’s developing mental representations of their attachment relationships

Question 14

Natural Parenting

Answer 14

A movement in some western nations to return to a more natural form of infant care including having greater closeness between infants and parents, increased sensitivity and responsiveness to infants signals and extended breastfeeding on demand

Question 15

Opiods

Answer 15

Neurohormonal regulator associated with reward or pleasure recognized by specific receptors in the brain

Question 16

Oxytocin

Answer 16

Neurohormonal regulator that is produced at orgasm in both males and females during cuddling birth suckling stroking and hugging. It reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol and promotes relaxation and feelings of warmth and affiliation

Question 17

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 17

In evolutionary theory how many copies of ones genes make it into the next generation either directly through children or indirectly through relatives who share ones genes

Question 18

Parental Investment theory

Answer 18

Theory coming from evolutionary biology that predicts difference in behaviour between males and females as a function of how much each invests in mating versus parenting

Question 19

Alloparneting

Answer 19

Provision of care to children by individuals other than the genetic mother

Question 20

Cooperative Breeding Hypothesis

Answer 20

Proposal that humans evolved a system of parenting in which mothers shared the responsibility for childcare with others in the family and the larger social group

Question 21

Grandmorther Hypothesis

Answer 21

Evolutionary hypothesis that by living past ones reproductive years women can devote their time and resources to their children and grandchildren and as a result increase the chances of survival of their grandchildren

Question 22

Filicide

Answer 22

The killing of a child by a parent

Question 23

Monogamy

Answer 23

Family structure in which one man and one women rear their genetic children

Question 24

Polyandry

Answer 24

Family structure in which one women has multiple husbands

Question 25

Polygyny

Answer 25

Family structure in which one man has multiple wives

Question 26

Biparental Families

Answer 26

Family structure in which both mothers and fathers provide some support.

Question 27

Single Mothers by Choice

Answer 27

Usually older, well-educated and economically stable women who choose to rear children without a partner

Question 28

Parenting style

Answer 28

The general way parents interact with their children

Question 29

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 29

Style of parenting in which parents set clear standards and enforce the rules with warmth and explanations

Question 30

Authoritarian parenting style

Answer 30

A style of parenting in which parents expect absolute obedience and frequently enforce rules with physical punishment or withdrawal of love

Question 31

Permissive parenting style

Answer 31

A style of parenting in which parents ware warm and friendly but exert little control over their child’s behaviour

Question 32

Uninvolved parenting style

Answer 32

Parenting style in which parents are disengaged frothier children. They are emotionally cold and indifferent and demand little from their children

Question 33

Co-parenting

Answer 33

The practice whereby parents coordinate their child-rearing practices

Question 34

Child Maltreatment

Answer 34

The intentional abuse or neglect of anyone under 18 years of age that endangers their well being

Question 35

Good-enough Parents

Answer 35

The controversial proposal by Scarr that individual differences in parenting have little consequences for children’s development and that good enough parents are adequate for proper development

Question 36

One Child Policy

Answer 36

Official policy in China that limits the number of children to one per family