Definitions - Week 10 Flashcards
Attachment
Close emotional relationship exhibited by a child toward a caregiver expressed by maintaining physical proximity, stress upon separation and relief of stress upon reunion
Hospitalism
The deteriorating effects on infants of long term confinement to hospitals or similar institutions
Bonding
The process of a mothers falling in love with her infant shortly after birth
Seperation Distress
Infants distress response on being left by their attachment figure
Fear of Strangers
Pattern of behaviour displayed by infants during second half of the first year that serves as an indication that the infant has developed an attachment for his or her caretaker
Strange Situation
A technique developed by Ainsworth and her colleagues to assess quality of attachment in young children
Secure attachment
Optimal type of attachment where infants display confidence when their caregivers are present show mild distress when temporarily left alone and quickly reestablish contact with caregivers upon their return
Insecure resistance attachment
An insecure style of attachment in which infants keep very close to their caregivers and tend not to explore much. They become distressed when their caregivers leave them temporary but display under and initially rejection to contact when the caregiver returns
Insecure avoidant attachment
An insecure style of attachment in which infants show little distress when their caregiver departs temporarily avoid contact with them when they return and usually do not show wariness of the stranger
Disorganized attachment
Attachment style in which infants seek to be close to their caregivers in inconsistent ways, often showing patterns typical of secure insecure avoidant and or insecure resistant attachment simultaneously
Attachment Q-Set
Method for assessing infant caregiver attachment in which the caregiver or a trained observer sorts 90 statements describing a certain attachment relationship into pre-established categories (most alike to least alike)
Interactional Synchrony
Mother-infant harmonious interaction where partners take turns responding to each others leads needs and emotions
Internal working models of attachment
Mental models models to describe children’s developing mental representations of their attachment relationships
Natural Parenting
A movement in some western nations to return to a more natural form of infant care including having greater closeness between infants and parents, increased sensitivity and responsiveness to infants signals and extended breastfeeding on demand
Opiods
Neurohormonal regulator associated with reward or pleasure recognized by specific receptors in the brain
Oxytocin
Neurohormonal regulator that is produced at orgasm in both males and females during cuddling birth suckling stroking and hugging. It reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol and promotes relaxation and feelings of warmth and affiliation
Inclusive Fitness
In evolutionary theory how many copies of ones genes make it into the next generation either directly through children or indirectly through relatives who share ones genes
Parental Investment theory
Theory coming from evolutionary biology that predicts difference in behaviour between males and females as a function of how much each invests in mating versus parenting
Alloparneting
Provision of care to children by individuals other than the genetic mother
Cooperative Breeding Hypothesis
Proposal that humans evolved a system of parenting in which mothers shared the responsibility for childcare with others in the family and the larger social group
Grandmorther Hypothesis
Evolutionary hypothesis that by living past ones reproductive years women can devote their time and resources to their children and grandchildren and as a result increase the chances of survival of their grandchildren
Filicide
The killing of a child by a parent
Monogamy
Family structure in which one man and one women rear their genetic children
Polyandry
Family structure in which one women has multiple husbands
Polygyny
Family structure in which one man has multiple wives
Biparental Families
Family structure in which both mothers and fathers provide some support.
Single Mothers by Choice
Usually older, well-educated and economically stable women who choose to rear children without a partner
Parenting style
The general way parents interact with their children
Authoritative parenting style
Style of parenting in which parents set clear standards and enforce the rules with warmth and explanations
Authoritarian parenting style
A style of parenting in which parents expect absolute obedience and frequently enforce rules with physical punishment or withdrawal of love
Permissive parenting style
A style of parenting in which parents ware warm and friendly but exert little control over their child’s behaviour
Uninvolved parenting style
Parenting style in which parents are disengaged frothier children. They are emotionally cold and indifferent and demand little from their children
Co-parenting
The practice whereby parents coordinate their child-rearing practices
Child Maltreatment
The intentional abuse or neglect of anyone under 18 years of age that endangers their well being
Good-enough Parents
The controversial proposal by Scarr that individual differences in parenting have little consequences for children’s development and that good enough parents are adequate for proper development
One Child Policy
Official policy in China that limits the number of children to one per family
