definitions- UNIT 1 AOS 1 and 2 Flashcards
Emotional development:
The continuous, lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.
Cognitive development:
The changes in thought processes that occur as we age. This includes a more sophisticated production of thought as well as the ability to comprehend and organise information from the internal and external environment.
Social development:
The lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to effectively and appropriately interact with others.
Hereditary factors:
factors that influence development and are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring
Environmental factors:
factors that influence development and arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings
Neurodiversity
refers to variations in neurological development and functioning within and between
Maladaptive behaviour
is behaviour that is unhelpful, dysfunctional and non-productive, and tends to interfere with a person’s ability to adjust appropriately and effectively to their environment.
Acquired brain
injury refers to all types of brain injuries that occur after birth
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
is a neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated impacts to the head.
Tau protein
builds up within neurons due to repetitive head injuries, disrupting important processes that keep cells alive and healthy, as well as disrupting communication with adjacent neurons and eventually kills the neurons.
In a healthy brain, excess tau is broken down and removed as part of the brain’s usual functioning
Typical behaviour
an activity that is consistent with how an individual usually behaves
Atypical behaviour
an activity that is unusual or unnatural according
to how an individual usually behaves
Statistical rarity
something that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant
Maladaptive behaviour
an action that impairs an individual’s ability to meet the changing demands of their everyday life
a strength of statistical rarity
Provides an objective perspective, allowing for a more accurate way to categorise behaviours as typical or atypical.
a limitation of statistical rarity
Not all statistical rarities are damaging or negative.
a strength of personal distress
Can be used as an indicator when cultural, social, and statistical measures are not applicable or appropriate.
a limitation of personal distress
some individuals may conceal personal distress, causing difficulty in identifying atypical behaviours.
a strength of maladaptive behaviour
Enables the consideration of the consequences of behaviour.
a limitation of maladaptive behaviour
What is considered maladaptive is subjective and can change depending on who is judging the behaviour.
Neurodiversity
variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism
Neurotypicality
a term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning that is typical or expected
Neurodivergent
individuals who
have a variation in neurological development and functioning
Neurodiversity
variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism
Neurotypicality
a term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning in a way that is typical or expected
Psychological development
an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the life-long growth across emotional, cognitive,
and social domains
Mental wellbeing
an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions
Culturally responsive practices
acting in ways that respond to the needs of diverse communities and demonstrating an openness to new ideas that may align with different cultural ideas, beliefs, and values
Biopsychosocial model
a holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological, and
social factors
Biological factors
internal genetic and/ or physiologically based factors
Psychological factors
internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes
Social factors
external factors relating to an individual’s interactions with others and their external environment, including their relationships and community involvement
Emotional development
the continuous, lifelong development of skills that allow individuals
to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way
Maturation
the biologically programmed process of growth that
has a fixed sequence and facilitates all aspects of our development as we grow
Plasticity
the brain’s ability to physically change shape in response to experience and learning
Critical periods
the narrow, rigid developmental period in which a specific function or skill must be learnt
Sensitive periods
the optimal developmental period for a specific function or skill to be learnt in the fastest and easiest way
Brain versus heart debate
a historical debate as to whether the heart or the brain is responsible for mental processes, such as thought, emotion, and behaviour
Mind-body problem
Mind-body problem
the complex philosophical question as to whether our mind is separate and distinguishable from our body or whether they are one integrated entity
Dualism
the belief that the human mind and body are separate and distinguishable from one another
Monism
the belief that the human mind and body are together a singular complete entity
Phrenology
the study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning
Ablation
Ablation the surgical removal, destruction, or cutting of a region of brain tissue
Brain lesioning
the practice of inducing and/or studying the effects of damage to an area of the brain
CT
a neuroimaging technique that involves taking continuous two- dimensional x-ray images of the brain which are then stacked to create a comprehensive three- dimensional image of
the brain
MRI
a neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic
and radio fields to take detailed two-dimensional and three-dimensional images of the brain
PET
a neuroimaging technique that uses a scanning device to take coloured images of the brain, showing its functional activity by tracing the levels of a radioactive substance in the brain
fMRI
a neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic and radio fields to take two
and three-dimensional images of the brain and record its activity levels
hind brain
a region at the base of the brain, located around and including some of the brainstem
Midbrain
a region at
the centre of the brain, between the hindbrain and forebrain, and is part of the brainstem
Forebrain
a large and prominent brain region that is located at the top and front of the brain
Cerebral cortex
the outer layer of the cerebrum that covers the brain
Frontal lobe
the largest and frontmost lobe of the cerebral cortex that is composed of motor and association areas
Occipital lobe
the rearmost lobe of
the cerebral cortex, located behind the parietal lobe, and is composed of sensory and association areas
Temporal lobe
the lowest lobe of the cerebral cortex, located beneath the parietal lobe, and is composed of sensory and association areas
Neuron
a nerve cell that receives and transmits neural information
Synapse
the region that includes the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic gap, and the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
Neuroplasticity
the ability of the brain
to change in response
to experience or environmental stimulation
Developmental plasticity
changes in the brain that occur in response to ageing and maturation
Synaptogenesis
the formation of synapses between neurons as
axon terminals and dendrites grow
Synaptic pruning
the elimination of underused synapses
Myelination
the formation and development of myelin around the axon of
a neuron
Adaptive plasticity
the brain’s ability to restore adequate neural functioning over time after sustaining injury
Sprouting
a neuron’s ability to develop new branches on the dendrites or axons
Rerouting
a neuron’s ability to form a new connection with another undamaged neuron
Neurological disorders
diseases characterised by any damage to or malfunctioning of the nervous system
Neurodegenerative disease
a disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain
secure attachment
A secure attachment involves the needs of the infant being consistently met by their primary caregiver, allowing the infant to fell calmed by the presence of the caregiver when they feel distressed.
insecure attachment
An insecure attachment may involve the primary caregiver inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs, or consistently ignoring their needs, commonly leading to the infants not seeking comfort from the caregiver or being overly desperate for comfort from their caregiver when they experience distress.
outcomes of a secure attachment
- A sense of trust in others
- feeling valued by others
- feeling secure in expressing ones emotions
- development of skills which can assist the individual in dealing with challenging social circumstances such as a breakup.
outcomes of an insecure attachment
- either craving or rejecting affection
- increased feelings of anxiety
- inappropriate expression of , or the inability to, express emotions.
