Definitions of Circumstantial Fallacies (Signal Fallacies)

Question 1

Hasty Generalization

Answer 1

Put simply, it is jumping to conclusions. Occurs if an advocate draws a conclusion from one or just a few fallible signs without diligently searching for additional corroboration.

Question 2

Fallacy of Composition

Answer 2

Occurs when the advocate assumes that what is rue of the “parts” is true of the “whole” itself.

Question 3

Fallacy of Division

Answer 3

Occurs when an advocate assumes that what is true of the “whole” is equally true of the “parts.”

Question 4

Equivocal Sign

Answer 4

Occurs if an advocate takes a sign that could be evidence of several different things and argues, without adequate evidence, that the sign signifies one particular thing.

Question 5

Constant Sign

Answer 5

Occurs when the advocate taks a sign from one time/context/culture and then applies it, erroneously, to a completely different time/context/culture.

Question 6

Mystic Sign

Answer 6

Occurs when an advocate argues that a signal relationship exists between two phenomena on no other basis than common belief or personal judgements. Any such relationships are imposed by the advocate and warranted by his faith.