Definitions, EXAM 3 Flashcards
a group of objects that have something in common
category
an instance of a category
exemplar
classical view of categorization
a concept is a list of necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in a category
______ refers to the fact that people do not think of all exemplars as equally good members of a category
typicality
probabilistic view of categorization
category membership is proposed to be a matter of probability, rather than binary
the _____ model holds that multiple exemplars of a category are stored in memory
exemplar model
A single speaker produces phonemes differently depending on the context of the phoneme (anticipating future movements)
coarticulation
phonemes are put in categories; identified as one or the other – this is called ______
categorical perception
when vocal cords start vibration, relative to the plosion of air
voice onset time
mental dictionary
lexicon
you are more quick to classify a string of letters as a word if you heard it recently – this is due to ______
cross-modal priming
mispronounced words get lexical access if ____
they are mispronounced in ways people tend to mispronounce them
if a new word can be attached to an existing node in a phrase structure, go with that interpretation
principle of minimal attachment
languages permit communication between individuals – language is ____
communicative
the relationship between the elements in the language and their meaning is ______
arbitrary
the pattern of symbols within language is not arbitrary, but _____
structured
the basic units of language can be used to build a limitless number of meanings – language is _____
generative
language is not static but changing – it is _____
dynamic
individual speech sounds; smallest unit of spoken language
phoneme
group of related sentences forming a paragraph or group of related paragraphs
text
model that suggests that we have a representation of the world that a text depicts
situation model
a set of mental rules that defines what are permissible sentences in a community of speakers
grammar
people’s knowledge of grammar
competence
the way people actually talk
performance
a symbol has the same symbol embedded within it as part of its definition
recursion
representation which corresponds to the meaning of a sentence
deep structure
representation which yields the order in which words will be uttered
surface structure
children use their limited vocabulary for many referents
overextension
applying linguistic rules to exception words where the rule should not be applied
overregularization
critical period
window of opportunity during which something can be learned effortlessly
thought is so intimately tied to language that thoughts generated in one language may be impossible to express in another language
Whorfian hypothesis
two words with identical spelling, but different pronunciations and meanings
homographs
two words that are spelled and pronounced the same way, but have different meanings
homonym
picture of thing you’re trying to convey
pictograph
arbitrary, but one symbol goes with an idea
logograph
symbol represents sound
phonogram
A missing phoneme is restored by the context and is never consciously identified as missing
phoneme restoration effect
the use of vision in the perception of speech is at the root of the ______ effect
McGurk
a string of letters appears on a screen, the participant decides whether it’s a word
lexical decision task
if you have recently been thinking about a related word, then a lexical decision is made more quickly
semantic priming
dyslexia caused by brain damage in people who were able to read before the injury
acquired dyslexia
the reading of non-words is preserved, but the patient has difficulty reading irregular words
surface dyslexia
the psychological mechanism that derives phrase structures from sentences
sentence parser
your cognitive system builds a phrase structure, but later in the sentence it becomes clear that something must be wrong with it
garden path sentence
a word that reliably provides a cue to a bit of phrase structure organization
key word
the representation of the exact words in the order that they appear
surface code
the textbase is ____
semantically deeper than the surface code and captures the explicitly stated logical and causal relationships between the objects and events in the text
the textbase uses a format called a _____
proposition
because pauses in speech are relatively rare, researchers sometimes call speech a _______
speech stream
expected value theory
probability of getting the outcome multiplied by the value of the outcome
expected utility
combines the probability of getting the outcome and our preferences in that situation
consistently maximizing expected utility means that choices are ____
rational
transitivity
if a = b, and b = c, than a = c
theories on how people should make decisions
normative theories
‘mental shortcuts’ are also called _______
heuristics
when there is a great deal of overlap in categorization and the perceptual or motor processes, researchers call the representation ______
embodied
a mode of perception is called a _____
modality
the visual aspect of letter recognition
orthographic processing
background rate of frequency of something in a group
base rate
