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PSYC 2150 > Definitions, EXAM 1 > Flashcards

Definitions, EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

View that it is possible to have a complete understanding of human behavior such that you can know what a person does before he or she does it

A

Determinism

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2
Q

View that it is impossible to predict another person’s behavior because there is something else that influences human behavior (e.g. the soul)

A

Nondeterminism

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3
Q

View that ideas are native to every human

A

Nativism

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4
Q

View that knowledge originates from simple information from the senses, which can be combined into more complex ideas

A

Associationism

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5
Q

View that there are basic building blocks (periodic table) of consciousness

A

structuralism

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6
Q

View that all mental processes must have a purpose

A

Functionalism

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7
Q

Method of study which people tried to follow their own thought processes

A

Introspectionism

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8
Q

an automatic action by the body that occurs when a particular stimulus is perceived in an environment

A

Reflex

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9
Q

A learned reflex is also known as

A

a Conditioned Reflex

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10
Q

Stimulus which an animal has a predisposition to respond a particular way

A

unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

predispositioned response to a stimulus

A

unconditioned response

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12
Q

A stimulus which, on its own, produces little to no response

A

conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

a response learned from association with a conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

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14
Q

finding an area in the brain that supports a specific function

A

localization

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15
Q

the amount of light the eye receives

A

luminance

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16
Q

The sun and the moons size equivocation is an example of

A

size and distance indeterminacy

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17
Q

conceptual knowledge influences the processing or interpretation of lower level perceptual processes

A

top-down processing

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18
Q

The strategy of employing multiple techniques to address the same question

A

converging operations

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19
Q

Empiricism

A

All knowledge comes from experience

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20
Q

complex behaviors done by animals, though they have little opportunity to practice or receive a reward

A

fixed-action patterns

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21
Q

A window of time during which an organism is primed to learn some particular information

A

critical period

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22
Q

people can create novel sentences, which means that language is _____

A

generative

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23
Q

a symbol for an entity in the real world

A

a Representation

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24
Q

something that manipulates representations in some way

A

process

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25
Q

a theoretical set of processes

A

abstract construct

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26
Q

learning about the world by trying things out, hypothesizing

A

empiricism

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27
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

type of descriptive research; involves observing behavior in its natural setting

28
Q

Researcher observes an individual on a number of occasions

A

Case Study

29
Q

Examining two aspects of the world with an eye to seeing whether they are related

A

Relational Research

30
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that the researcher manipulates

31
Q

variable that the researcher measures

A

dependent variable

32
Q

WEIRD

A

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

33
Q

ecological validity

A

the extent to which a experiment would apply to real life

34
Q

neural communication is both ______ and ______

A

electrical, chemical

35
Q

recording the number of times per second a single neuron fires

A

Single-cell recording (used first in cats to test relationships between seeing geometric symbols and mental processes)

36
Q

Event-related potentials

A

Neural activity related to an action, and not resting potentials.

37
Q

the vascular system floods the ______ with _________

A

active part of the brain, oxygenated blood (fMRI detects this extra blood)

38
Q

memory of a path through a maze is supported by…

A

a specific pattern of neuron firing

39
Q

The Inverse Projection Problem

A

relates to the way the world falls on the retina; how we recover a three dimensional image from a two dimensional projection

40
Q

Objects may be at in different shapes and orientations, which results in ambiguity; this is called

A

shape and orientation indeterminacy

41
Q

Assumption of whether or not a change in color is due to light source, reflectance, or shadow is called

A

light source, reflectance, and shadow indeterminacy

42
Q

Making an assumption of the shape of an object due to how often may be in that position

A

the likelihood principle

43
Q

The visual system makes assumptions, one of which is that surfaces are _____ colored.

A

uniformly

44
Q

The visual system assumes that areas next to each other on the same plane have the same luminance. This process is called _______ ______

A

local contrast

45
Q

We determine the true size of an object by taking in a variety of clues, called _____

A

depth cues

46
Q

Oculomotor depth cues are based on

A

the movements of your muscles in your visual system (whereas other cues use information derived from your retinas)

47
Q

hypothesis that there are two streams of visual processing that determine what and where an object is

A

what/where hypothesis

48
Q

what/how hypothesis

A

visual hypothesis that maintains that the two streams of visual processing can be thought of as what an object is, and how it is we are to move to reach that object

49
Q

patients who are impaired in using visual guidance for movement, typically due to damage to the superior parietal cortex

A

optic ataxia

50
Q

Based on the fact that each eye sees something slightly different, we can employ _____

A

stereopsis

51
Q

if there is an opportunity to see a line continuing, you will see it continuing. This is called __________

A

good continuation

52
Q

three dimensional objects which are theorized building blocks of visual representation, posed by viewpoint independent model

A

geons

53
Q

conjunctions of edges assumed to correspond to different 3D shapes

A

Perkins’ laws

54
Q

occlusion, texture gradient, linear perspective, height in the picture plane, and atmospheric perspective are examples of _______

A

pictorial cues

55
Q

close focus changes the shape of the lens of an eye

A

accomodation (cue to distance)

56
Q

looking at something very close causes the eyes to turn inward

A

convergence (cue to distance)

57
Q

a sudden discontinuity in intensity of light that falls onto your retina

A

edge

58
Q

2 Methods of Neuroscientific Data Collection:

A

Brain damaged patient (identify the problem and where the patient’s damage is)
Brain intact patient (observe activation using fMRI while the patient does a particular cognitive task

59
Q

2 activation tasks: Take one that involves a number of processes and contrast it with one that involves the same processes except one

A

subtraction

60
Q

In dyslexics there is less activity in ______

A

left temporal region

61
Q

Neural constraints, evolutionary constraints, and efficiency are all used to _____

A

differentiate theories with data

62
Q

knowing you’ve seen information before, but little else

A

familiarity

63
Q

a cue which matches the nature of the memory/experience

A

transfer-appropriate processing

64
Q

Movement of our body creates different relative motion of objects on our retinal image, which is called _______

A

cue motion parallax

65
Q

how lines and points of light move relative to each other over time

A

vector flow field

66
Q

neuropsychological deficit it recognizing faces

A

prosopagnosia

67
Q

face recognition is strongly associated with the ____ ______ of the brain

A

fusiform gyrus

PSYC 2150 (3 decks)

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