Definitions, EXAM 2 Flashcards
Attention “chooses” some stimuli and does not choose others, therefore, it is _____
Selective
There is not an infinite amount of attention to devote, therefore attention is _____
Limited
Sweeping your attention across the visual field, with the idea that your attention will stop when and if you find the desired object – is called a ____
visual search task
A visual search task in which the desired object differs from the distractors by just one feature
disjunctive search
A visual search task in which a particular combination of features differentiates the target from the distractors
conjunctive search
“Preattentively” means
attention is not needed to know if or not a feature is present somewhere in the environment
In ____ filter theories, the sensory characteristics of all stimuli are processed, and then they hit the filter. Then, the attended stimuli is allowed through the filter for semantic processing
Early
In ____ filter models, all stimuli are processed to determine their physical and semantic characteristics, and only then do the stimuli hit the filter.
Late
____ attention is driven by an internal goal and controlled by the observer
Endogenous
______ attention is more passive and is driven by environmental cues
Exogenous
Young people are better at multitasking because of their relatively good _____
working memory
Memory system that is capable of storing a great number of items, but is fragile and transitory
sensory memory
Active erasure of an iconic memory due to it being replaced by another
masking
the auditory version of iconic memory
echoic memory
A condition where participants saw an array quickly flashed, then they heard a tone that signaled which row they should report
partial report procedure
The word length effect is evidenced by the fact that
participants can memorize more short words than long words in a working memory task
A unit of knowledge that is decomposable into smaller units
chunk
spontaneous forgetting of information
decay
when old information and new information compete in working memory (causing one to lose out)
interference
earlier learning interferes with later learning
proactive interference
later learning interferes with earlier learning
retroactive interference
making systemic errors in letter identification, based on the sound of letters
acoustic confusion effect
to practice material in an effort to memorize it
rehearse
Simply listening to something guarantees that it will get in to the phonological loop. This is known as _____
obligatory access
anatomic dissociation
different tasks are supported by different parts of the brain
implicit memory is characterized by
a change in behavior due to past events, without a conscious experience of recollection
faster access to a memory that you have retrieved recently
priming
classical conditioning situation in which the unconditioned response is an emotion
emotional conditioning
the content of the memory is itself the storage address in _____ ______
content-addressable storage
Nodes
represent concepts; have levels of activation
Links
represent relationships between concepts
memory is conceived as a vast network of concepts called a _____
semantic network
semantic priming…
…indicates that activation passes between nodes, controlled by the visual cortex
the process by which memories are “put in”
encoding
deep processing refers to degrees of _____ involvement
semantic
memory test in which participants were not told beforehand that they would be tested for memory
incidental memory test
packet of related facts
schema
a schema for a series of events
script
information in the environment that is used as the starting point for retrieval
cue
free recall
memory task with general prompt to remember things in the past
cued recall
the experimenter adds some hints or cues about what you’re supposed to remember
recognition test
the experimenter provides targets along with the distractors
savings in relearning
the experiment asks the participant to learn the same material to the same criterion twice, the difference in recall being measured
sensitivity of a memory test
how precise the cues are
entry point to memory
cue
when the processes are the same at encoding and retrieval, then memory will be successful
transfer-appropriate processing
memory is always a combination of the actual event plus relevant prior knowledge – memory is a _____
construction
a memory representation of what is generally true of an object or an event
schema
cue bias
you can’t get the cue back; common account for childhood amnesia
consolidation happens during sleep due to _________
hippocampal replay
the idea that the representation is lost, not the association
selective retrieval
you remember the contents, but forget the source material
source confusion
