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2024 pharm ii > Definitions (Ex1) > Flashcards

Definitions (Ex1) Flashcards

1
Q

Anesthesia definition

A

Lack of feeling or sensation

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2
Q

General anesthesia definition

A

Drug- Induced loss of consciousness

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3
Q

Regional anesthesia definition

A

Interrupted sensory nerve conduction resulting in loss of sensation

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4
Q

Spinal anesthesia location

A

Intrathecal space

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5
Q

Epidural anesthesia location

A

Outside of the dura

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6
Q

Minimal sedation characteristics

A

Responds to verbal
Unaffected airway/ventilation/CV

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7
Q

Moderate sedation characteristics

A

Responds to verbal or touch
Usually adequate airway/ventilation/CV

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8
Q

Deep sedation characteristics

A

Responsive to painful stimulation
May need assistance with airway/ventilation
CV usually maintained

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9
Q

Triad of anesthesia

A

Amnesia
Analgesia
Muscle relaxation

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10
Q

Balanced anesthesia adds ____ to the anesthesia triad

A

Homestasis

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11
Q

Phases of anesthesia administration (5)

A

Preoperative
Induction
Maintenance
Emergence
Postoperative

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12
Q

Stage 1 of anesthesia

A

Begin induction to loss of consciousness

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13
Q

Stage 1 plane1 of anesthesia

A

No amnesia or analgesia

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14
Q

Stage 1 plane 2 of anesthesia

A

Amnesia and partial analgesia

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15
Q

Stage 1 plane 3 of anesthesia

A

Complete analgesia and amnesia

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16
Q

Stage 2 of anesthesia

A

-Loss of consciousness to onset of auto breathing
-can be bothered/unsettled
-move through quickly

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17
Q

Stage 2 anesthesia symptoms (5)

A

-Delirium
-Undesired CV excitation
-Laryngospasm
-Emesis
-Dysconjugate eye movement

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18
Q

Stage 3 of anesthesia

A

-Onset of auto breathing to respiratory paralysis

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19
Q

Stage 3 plane 1 of anesthesia

A

Cessation of eyeball movement

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20
Q

Stage 3 plane 2 of anesthesia

A

-Beginning of intercostal muscle paralysis
-Increased tear secretion

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21
Q

Stage 3 plane 3 of anesthesia

A

-Desired for surgical start
-pupils dilate
-desired prior to muscle relaxants

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22
Q

Stage 3 plane 4 of anesthesia

A

Diaphragmatic paralysis (apnea)

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23
Q

Stage 4 of anesthesia

A

Stoppage of respiration till death

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24
Q

Tachyphylaxis definition

A

Tolerance

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25
Q

Common anesthesic solubility

A

Lipid soluble

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26
Q

Pharmacokinetics definition

A

What the body does to the drug (ADME)

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27
Q

Vessel rich groups

A

High cardiac output organs:
-heart
-lungs
-liver
-kidney
-brain

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28
Q

Vessel rich group CO%

A

75%

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29
Q

Muscle CO %

A

19%

30
Q

Fat CO %

A

6%

31
Q

Vessel poor CO %

A

0%

32
Q

Protein binding affect on Vd

A

Higher protein binding => less free drug
-low albumin/protein => more free drug than intended => more effect

33
Q

Common causes of decreased plasma proteins (5)

A

Age
Hepatic disease
Renal failure
Pregnancy
Malnutrition

34
Q

High volume of distribution

A

Poor protein binding and lipophilic

35
Q

Small volume of distribution

A

Highly protein bound

36
Q

Metabolism process

A

Conversion from lipid soluble to water soluble for excretion

37
Q

Prodrug definition

A

Drug administered in inactive form and converted to active form

38
Q

Most common metabolism pathway

A

Hepatic Microsomal enzymes

39
Q

Most common hepatic Microsomal enzyme

A

CYP3A4: metabolizes more than 50% of drugs

40
Q

Phase I reactions

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

41
Q

Phase II reaction

A

Conjugation
Conversion to water soluble compound for elimination

42
Q

Cause of dark red liver color

A

Hepatic Microsomal enzymes containing heme cofactor (iron)

43
Q

Enzyme induction

A

Increases enzyme effect

44
Q

Enzyme inhibition

A

Decreases enzyme effect

45
Q

Flow limited hepatic clearance definition

A

Flow to the liver limits the metabolic rate

46
Q

Capacity limited hepatic clearance definition

A

Livers ability to metabolize limits metabolic rate

47
Q

Elimination half-time definition

A

time to eliminate 50% of drug from PLASMA

48
Q

Elimination half life definition

A

Time to eliminate 50% of drug from TISSUE

49
Q

Context sensitive half-time definition

A

Time for 50% decrease of drug after INFUSION discontinued
-longer infusion given => longer to wear off

50
Q

Acids are ionized in ____ pH

A

Alkaline

51
Q

Bases are ionized in ____ pH

A

Acidic

52
Q

Non-ionized vs ionized drug crossing

A

Non-ionized cross lipid barriers

53
Q

Non-ionized solubility

A

Lipid soluble

54
Q

Ionized solubility

A

Water soluble

55
Q

Non-ionized pharmacologic effect

A

Active drug

56
Q

ionized pharmacologic effect

A

Inactive drug

57
Q

Ionization calculations pk/pH

A

Weak Acids: pk After pH
Weak Bases: pk Before pH

58
Q

Ionization calculations negative numbers

A

Non-ionized

59
Q

Ion trapping explanation

A

Ionized drugs can be “trapped” such as in a fetus

60
Q

Ionization effects

A

Ionized drugs lose effectiveness

61
Q

Pharmacodynamics definition

A

What the drug does to the body

62
Q

Elderly effects on ADME

A

-Decreased CO => decreased blood flow to brain and liver
-decreased protein binding => more free drug
-increased body fat => more absorption of lipid soluble

63
Q

Potency definition

A

Less drug needed to produce effect = higher potency

64
Q

Efficacy definition

A

Drug produces higher effect = higher efficacy

65
Q

Effective dose definition

A

ED50: dose to produce effect in 50% population

66
Q

Lethal dose definition

A

LD50: dose to produce death in 50% population

67
Q

Therapeutic index definition

A

Ratio between LD50 and ED50
-wider index = safer

68
Q

Enantiomer definition

A

-Chemically identical
-mirror image
-may produce different effects

69
Q

Racemic mixture

A

Mixture of different isomers likely producing different effects

70
Q

Pharmacogenetics impact

A

Specific genes or genomes can influence responses to drugs and help predict effects

2024 pharm ii (32 decks)

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