Definitions - CH. 2

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring knowledge and skills, and a change in individual behaviour as a result of some experience.

Question 2

Workplace Learning

Answer 2

The process of acquiring job-related knowledge and skills through formal training programs and informal social interactions among employees.

Question 3

70-20-10 Model

Answer 3

Seventy percent of workplace learning comes from on-the-job experiences, 20 percent from interactions with others, and 10 percent from formal learning activities and events.

Question 4

Informal Learning

Answer 4

Learning that occurs naturally as part of work and is not planned or designed by the organization.

Question 5

Formal Learning

Answer 5

Learning that is structured and planned by the organization.

Question 6

A.C.T. Theory

Answer 6

Learning takes place in three stages that are known as declarative knowledge, knowledge compilation, and procedural knowledge or proceduralization.

Question 7

Resource Allocation Theory

Answer 7

Individuals possess limited cognitive resources that can be used to learn a new task.

Question 8

Declarative Knowledge

Answer 8

Knowledge, facts, and information.

Question 9

Knowledge Compilation

Answer 9

Integrating tasks into sequences to simplify and streamline the task.

Question 10

Procedural Knowledge

Answer 10

The learner has mastered the task and performance is automatic and habitual.

Question 11

Learning Style

Answer 11

The way in which an individual prefers to learn.

Question 12

Kolb’s Learning Style

Answer 12

The way in which an individual gathers information and processes and evaluates it during the learning process.

Question 13

Learning Cycle

Answer 13

People use each of the four modes of learning in a sequence that begins with concrete experience followed by reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation.

Question 14

Fleming’s Learning Style

Answer 14

An individual’s preferred ways of gathering, organizing, and thinking about information.

Question 15

V.A.R.K.

Answer 15

Visual, aural/auditory, read/write, and kinesthetic.

Question 16

Shaping

Answer 16

The reinforcement of each step in a process until it is mastered.

Question 17

Chaining

Answer 17

The reinforcement of entire sequences of a task.

Question 18

Generalization

Answer 18

The conditioned response occurs in circumstances different from those during learning.

Question 19

Social Learning

Answer 19

Learning through interactions with others.

Question 20

Observation

Answer 20

Learning by observing the actions of others and the consequences.

Question 21

Self-Efficacy

Answer 21

Beliefs that people have about their ability to successfully perform a specific task.

Question 22

Self-Regulation

Answer 22

Managing one’s own behaviour through a series of internal processes.

Question 23

Self-Regulated Learning

Answer 23

The use of affective, cognitive, and behavioural processes during a learning experience to reach a desired level of achievement.

Question 24

Self-Regulation Prompts

Answer 24

Asking trainees questions about their learning, goals, and goal progress to encourage self-regulation during training.

Question 25

Andragogy

Answer 25

An adult-oriented approach to learning that takes into account the differences between adult and child learners.

Question 26

Pedagogy

Answer 26

The traditional approach to learning used to educate children and youth.

Question 27

Motivation

Answer 27

The degree of persistent effort that one directs toward a goal.

Question 28

Goal

Answer 28

The object or aim of an action.

Question 29

Distal Goal

Answer 29

A long-term or end goal.

Question 30

Proximal Goal

Answer 30

A short-term goal or sub-goal.

Question 31

Goal Orientation

Answer 31

A dispositional or situational goal preference in achievement situations.

Question 32

Learning Goal Orientation (LGO)

Answer 32

A focus on developing competence by acquiring new skills and mastering new tasks.

Question 33

Prove Performance Goal Orientation (PPGO)

Answer 33

A focus on favourable judgments from others for one’s performance outcomes.

Question 34

Avoid Performance Goal Orientation (APGO)

Answer 34

A focus on avoiding negative judgments from others for one’s performance outcomes.

Question 35

Learning Goals

Answer 35

Process-oriented goals that focus on the learning process.

Question 36

Performance Goals

Answer 36

Outcome-oriented goals that focus on the achievement of specific performance outcomes.

Question 37

Training Motivation

Answer 37

The direction, intensity, and persistence of learning-directed behaviour in training contexts.

Question 38

Locus of Control

Answer 38

People’s beliefs about whether their behaviour is controlled mainly by internal or external forces.

Question 39

Achievement Motivation

Answer 39

The desire to perform challenging tasks.

Question 40

Conscientiousness

Answer 40

The degree to which a person is responsible and achievement-oriented.

Question 41

Job Involvement

Answer 41

The degree to which an individual identifies psychologically with work, and the importance of work to their self-image.

Question 42

Cognitive Ability

Answer 42

An individual’s basic information-processing capacities and cognitive resources.

Question 43

Core Self-Evaluations (CSE)

Answer 43

An individual’s self-appraisal of their worthiness, competence, and capability as a person that consists of four specific traits (general self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability).