Definitions and More Flashcards
What is Clinical Pathology?
Refers to the Pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems.
What is Pathology?
It is a branch of medicine that investigates the essential nature of disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease.
What is Pathogenesis?
Development of unhealthy conditions or disease.
What are the three types of illness?
Acute
Subacute
Chronic
What are three criteria for Acute Illness?
Rapid Onset
Short Duration
Ends in Full Recovery
How is Subacute Illness defined?
A time element between the acute illness and chronic illness.
Describe the criteria for Chronic Illness.
Permanent Impairment or Disability Occurs
Residual Physical or Cognitive Disability
There is a Need for Special Rehab. and/or Long Term Medical Management.
What is the definition of Health?
Being free from illness or injury.
What are the four States of Health?
Biologic
Psychologic
Spiritual
Sociologic
Define Acute Inflammation.
This is when the injury 1st occurs.
Define Chronic Inflammation.
Injury or Illness that occurs longer than a week or two.
What are the four signs of Acute Illness?
Signs are: pain, heat, redness and swelling
What are some of the Systemic Effects of Acute Illness?
Some Systemic Effects: Fever, Increased BP, Decreased Sweating, Malaise and Loss of Appetite
What are some signs and symptoms of Chronic Inflammation?
Ongoing, irritating Pain in the joints or muscles;
High BP or Sugar Probs.;
Constipation or Diarrhea;
Constant Fatigue or Lethargy;
Skin Irritation or Redness/ Blood Shot Eyes.
What are the four different Aderse Drug Reactions?
Mild Reaction: May require medicine DC’d or Change in Dosage
Moderate Reaction: Medicine has to be DC’d and New Med. Prescrib
Severe: Pt will have to have treatment to counter the reaction
Lethal: Untimely death of Pt
Name some medications that commonly cause adverse reactions.
Corticosteroids, Digoxin, Anticoagulants, Insulin Overdose, Aspirin, Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Antacids and Blood Sugar Pills
What are some adverse effects of Chemotherapy?
Hair loss, Significant GI issues, Fatigue, Cardiotoxicity, Renal Toxicity and Neuropathies (areas of nerve damage)
What are some factors that affect fluid and electrolyte imbalances in the aging?
Acute Illness Bowel Cleansing/ GI Diagnostic Testing Change in Mental Status Constipation/ Diarrhea Decreased Thirst Mechanism Diff. Swallowing Immobility Laxatives Medications Urinary Incontinence
What are some mechanisms that cause cell injury?
Ischemia (lack of blood supply) Infectious Agents Immune Reactions Genetic Factors Nutritional Factors Physical Factors Chemical Factors
How does Ischemia (Lack of Blood Supply) cause tissue injury and/or death?
Ischemia causes tissue injury or death because if there is a lack of blood flow then there is a lack of oxygen to the tissue. If this issue continues than death of the tissue can occur.
How do Infectious Agents affect cell death?
Infectious Agents cause cell lysis (breakdown of cells)
How does immune reaction affect cells and tissue?
The immune reaction is how our bodies recognizes and defends itself from bacteria and other harmful or foreign object. If this response malfunctions it may no longer be able to distinguish between self and foreign substances, therefore it attacks its self causing cell and tissue injury and even death.
How do genetic factors affect cells and tissue?
Our genes may hold diseases and disorders that merely laid dormant in our parents genes but as they are passed on they become active. The disease or disorder that our body has actively running through our bodies could very well be attacking us from the inside. The results of these attacks could very well be cell death and tissue injury or death.
How do nutritional factors affect cells and tissue?
A lack of the proper nutrients can cause the membranes of the cells to become brittle and/or develop holes which causes cells to malfunction. This in turn can lead to complete cell death which in turn can cause tissue damage and/or death.
How do physical factors affect cells and tissue?
Exercise causes nerve cells to multiply, greater blood flow to the brain, Improved development and survival of neurons, decreases the risk of heart and blood vessel diseases and appears to slow the development of Alzheimer’s. Therefore the lack of physical factors can cause your brain function to slow allowing cells to be damaged which then leads to tissue damage and tissue death.
How do chemical factors affect cells and tissue?
Chemicals are a foreign substance to the body that can cause damage to cells by damaging the membranes, proteins or fats that make up the cell. This in turn can kill the cell which leads to tissue damage and/or death.
Define reversible cell injury.
It is reversible to a certain point
Alteration of homeostasis
Recovery and return to normal when the stressors or injurious stimuli are removed.
Define irreversible cell injury.
Membrane damage has occurred. No repair is possible.
