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Pathology and Medical Terminology > Chapters 14-17 > Flashcards

Chapters 14-17 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

What cancers are the top four killers for women?

A

Lung
Breast
Colon/rectum
Ovary

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1
Q

What cancers are the top four killers of men?

A

Lung
Prostate
Colon/rectum
Pancreas

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2
Q

What are some causes of cancer?

A

Chemical Exposure
Viruses- Hep B, HIV, HPV
Irradiation

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3
Q

What are the warning signs of cancer?

A 
C-Change in bowel or bladder habits
A-A sore that does not heal
U-Unusual Bleeding or Discharge
T-Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O-Obvious change in wart or mole
N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
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4
Q

What is the diagnosis process for cancer?

A
  • Physical Exam
  • Check symptoms/signs
  • Blood work Results
  • Imaging testing (X-ray, mammogram, CT scan, MRI, ultrasound)
  • Biopsy (Surgical removal of a small piece of tissue through a fine needle)
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5
Q

Where is carcinoma found?

A

in the linings or coverings of organs

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6
Q

Where are sarcomas found?

A

In the bones

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7
Q

Where does myeloma occur?

A

In the bone marrow.

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8
Q

Where does Lymphoma develop?

A

In the lymphatic system

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9
Q

What is leukemia?

A

A progressive disease of blood forming tissue.

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10
Q

What are the stages of cancer?

A

Stage 1- Cancer limited to a local site
Stage 2- Cancer affects nearby organs
Stage 3- Cancer invades the lymphatic system
Stage 4- Cancer has spread through the entire body

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11
Q

What are three treatments for cancer?

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation

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12
Q

What are the four types of goals that a PT uses depending on the stage of cancer?

A

Preventative (Maintain mobility and function)
Restorative (Return patient to the level they were at before they got sick)
Supportive (Encourage mobility and activity, teach coping skills)
Palliative (Reduce discomfort)

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13
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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14
Q

What are the types of muscle contractions?

A 
Tonic
Twitch
Tetanic
Isotonic
Isometric
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15
Q

Define flexion.

A

A movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint smaller than it was at the beginning of the movement.

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16
Q

Define Extension

A

A movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint larger than it was at the beginning of the movement.

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17
Q

Define Abduction

A

A movement that takes a part away from the midline of the body.

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18
Q

Define Adduction

A

A movement that takes a part toward the midline of the body.

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19
Q

Define rotation/circumduction.

A

A movement around a longitudinal axis.

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20
Q

Define Supination

A

Rotation of the arm or leg outward.

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21
Q

Define Pronation.

A

Is the body’s response to the ground forces incurred during running and walking.

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22
Q

Define Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion of the foot in an upward direction

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23
Q

Define Plantarflexion.

A

Movement of the foot that flexes the foot or toes downward toward the sole

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24
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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25
Q

hat are the divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial

  • Skull
  • Spine
  • Thorax

Appendicular

  • Upper Extremities
  • Lower Extremities
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26
Q

What is a bone island?

A

An area of compact bone located in spongy bone.

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27
Q

What is an Osteoid Osteoma?

A

A benign tumor that is in the center of growing cells that are surrounded by a shell of thickened bone.

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28
Q

What is an Osteochondroma?

A

A benign tumor that develops during childhood in or around the growth plate.

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29
Q

What is a soft tissue tumor?

A

Is a tumor that can occur in any site of the body and has a wide variety of looks.

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30
Q

Where do osteosarcomas develop in the body?

A

Dystofemur
Proximal Tibia
Humerous

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31
Q

Who’s is more likely to develop an osteosarcoma?

A

Men are 2x more likely to get it than women.

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32
Q

What is Chondrosarcoma and what does it affect?

A

Cancer of the hyolyncartileage

Affects: humorous
femur
ribs and pelvic bone

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33
Q

Where is Ewings Sarcoma found?

A

In the bone or soft tissue

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34
Q

What is malignant soft tissue tumors?

A

They are sarcomas of the connective tissue.

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35
Q

Define Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone or bone marrow

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36
Q

What usually causes osteomyelitis?

A

Bacteria
Fungus
Parasites

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37
Q

What does osteomyelitus affect?

A

Femur
Tibia
Humorous
Maximbal

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38
Q

How is osteomyelitus treated?

A

With antibiotics.

39
Q

What is the percentage of infections that occur due to prosthses and implants?

A

80%

40
Q

How is infection from a prostheses or implant treated?

A

Antibiotics are given.
If this does not work then the prostheses or implant is removed, the are is cleaned out and left open until the body heals.

41
Q

What is diskitis?

A

An infection between the disks of the vertebrae.

42
Q

What causes diskitis?

A

A viral or bacterial infection?

43
Q

Who is at risk for diskitis?

A

Young children, people with compromised immune systems, IV drug users and post surgery patients.

44
Q

How is diskitis treated?

A

With antibiotics and reducing mobility of the affected area.

45
Q

What is Infectious(Septic) Arthritis?

A

An infection that causes arthritis. Usually a bacterial infection.

46
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of septic arthritis?

A

Redness
Swelling
Warmth
Pain in the infected area

47
Q

How is septic arthritis treated?

A

Treated with IV antibiotics

Attempt to remove fluid from the affected joint with a needle

48
Q

How is dermatomyositis diagnosed?

A

By a red patchy skin rash.

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of dermatomyositis?

A 
Hardened lumps under skin
weakness around affected area
muscle pain
scaly/dry/rough skin
Difficulty standing from a seated position.
50
Q

Who is more apt to develop Inclusion-body myositis and what is usually the age of onset?

A

Men are more apt to get it than women. It usually hits its onset at the age of 50 yrs. or older.

51
Q

Who is affected by Juvenile Myositis?

A

Children under the age of 18yrs.

52
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Juvenile Myositis?

A

First sign- Skin rash
Characteristic purple/red rash on eyelids and face
Weak muscles
Hardened lumps under the skin

53
Q

Who does polymyositis affect and what is the age of onset?

A

Affects women more than men

Onset is 20yrs and older.

54
Q

What is skeletal tuberculosis?

A

TB outside the lungs in bones and joint (ancient disease)

55
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of skeletal tuberculosis?

A

Pain, curving of the bone, bone may weaken and fracture easy,Loss of movement in the joint

56
Q

What parts of the body does skeletal tuberculosis affect?

A

Hips, knees, elbows, wrist and any other joints except in the mouth

57
Q

Who is at risk for osteoporosis?

A

Females are more at risk then men. Especially slender small boned women.

58
Q

Define Osteoporosis.

A

A medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

59
Q

What does osteoporosis affect?

A

Bones fracture easy especially in the wrist, hips and L4/L5 vertebrae.

60
Q

How is osteoporosis treated?

A

Drug therapy, vitamin supplements and exercise.

61
Q

What is Ricket’s?

A

A demineralization of the bones (it is a vitamin D deficiency)

62
Q

Who does Rickett’s affect?

A

It affect small children before their bones calcify causing the bones to bow.

63
Q

How is Rickett’s treated?

A

A vitamin D supplement is given.

64
Q

Define osteomalacia.

A

It is a softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.

65
Q

How does Osteomalacia affect the body?

A

Causes fractures of the vertebrae

Fractures of the neck of the femur

66
Q

Define Paget’s Disease.

A

An intermitted and uncontrolled time of bone forming (osteoblast) and bone breakdown (osteoclast) which results in deformed and unstable bones that are easy to fracture.

67
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Paget’s Disease?

A

No symptoms early on However it becomes very painful as the disease progresses.

68
Q

Define an open (compound)fracture.

A

Bone pierces through the skin.

69
Q

Define a closed (simple fracture)

A

Bone does not pierce the skin.

70
Q

Define a complete fracture.

A

Bone fragments separate completely.

71
Q

Define an incomplete fracture

A

Some of the bone fragments are still joined.

72
Q

Define a linear fracture.

A

Fracture is parallel to the bones long access.

73
Q

Define a spiral Fracture.

A

When the fracture line wraps around the bones and resemble a candy cane.

74
Q

Define a transverse fracture.

A

It runs at a right angle to the long bone access.

75
Q

Define an oblique fracture.

A

Fracture runs diagonal to the long bone access

76
Q

Define a green stick fracture.

A

When the bone bends then cracks (This is more common in young children.

77
Q

Define a communicated fracture.

A

When the bone is broke in to several pieces

78
Q

Define a non-communicated fracture.

A

There are some pieces that are no longer attached.

79
Q

Define osteoarthritis.

A

A degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone.

This is the most common Non-inflammatory disorder

80
Q

Define Heterotopic Ossification

A

When bone tissue forms outside of the skeleton, usually into muscle tissue.

81
Q

When does Heterotopic Ossification occur?

A

It occurs when the patient has just underwent surgery or trauma to hips or legs.
Also occurs in those who have a traumatic brain injury, neuro issues or severe burns.

82
Q

Define osteonecrosis.

A

It is a vascular necrosis. Disease is caused by reduced blood flow to the bones and joints.
(Regeneration of new bone is slowed therefore causing the bone to die).

83
Q

Define Legg-Calve- Perthes.

A

When the ball of the thigh bone doesn’t get enough bloodflow causing bone death and the femur to become flat.

84
Q

Define Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome

A

Irritation of patella ligament where the patella connects to the tibia tubirosity.

85
Q

Define Myasthenia Gravis.

A

It is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks where the nerve meets the muscle. (usually occurs in the throat)

86
Q

Define Dislocation.

A

Separation of bones

87
Q

Define Sprain.

A

Injury to ligaments surrounding the joint

88
Q

Define Strain.

A

Injury to any muscle,tendon etc

89
Q

Define cramps.

A

Painful muscle spasms

90
Q

Define Contusions.

A

Minor trauma to the body (local bleeding and inflammation)

91
Q

What is the cause of an Inflammatory Joint Disorder?

A

Infection
Injury
Genetics

92
Q

Define Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Autoimmune disorder that is a chronic inflammation of connective tissue.

93
Q

Define Gouty Arthritis

A

A build up of uric acid that becomes a sodium urate crystal that triggers inflammation.

94
Q

Define Idiopathic Arthritis

A

An Autoimmune disorder with no known cause.

Pathology and Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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