Definitions

Question 1

Agnosia

Answer 1

loss of ability to recognise objects and symbols through a particular sensory channel (vision, hearing, touch)

Question 2

Anosognia

Answer 2

a severe form of neglect to the extent that the patient fails to recognise the presence or severity of their dysfunction

Question 3

Aphasia

Answer 3

failure to understand and inability to use verbal expression due to impairment of the dominant cerebral hemisphere

Question 4

Apraxia

Answer 4

the inability to copy or carry out skilled purposeful movements either on command or automatically, in the absence of severe motor weakness, sensory loss or incoordination

Question 5

Alexia

Answer 5

inability to read

Question 6

Acalculia

Answer 6

inability to do calculations

Question 7

Autopagnosia

Answer 7

disturbances in perception or inability to recognise the patient’s own body or body parts

Question 8

Decerebrate Rigidity

Answer 8

rigid extension of the trunk, neck and all four limbs.
limbs are adducted and internally rotated
destruction of higher brain functions leaving only the reticulospinal tracts intact

Question 9

Decorticate Rigidity

Answer 9

rigid extension of the trunk, neck and lower limbs, flexion of the upper limbs
related to anti-gravity reflexes

Question 10

Dysarthria

Answer 10

defects of articulation arising from neuro muscular or cerebellar conditions affect muscle tone and the action of the muscles used in articulation
affects reflex behaviours suchs as sucking, swallowing or chewing

Question 11

Flaccidity

Answer 11

total loss of tone and absence of DTRs resulting in minimal muscle tension which contributes to joint instability, in co-ordination, poor postural adjustments and decreased functional ability

Question 12

Dyskinesia - athetosis

Answer 12

slow writhing continuous involuntary movements of the head, trunk and distal musculature of the limbs

Question 13

Dyskinesia - chorea

Answer 13

jerky, rapid, purposeless involuntary movement involving the trunk and proximal limb musculature
hyperkinetic disorders

Question 14

Dyskinesia - tremor

Answer 14

fine or coarse involuntary, rhythmic oscillating movements of any part of the body resulting from reciprocal co-contraction of antagonistic muscle groups

Question 15

Dyskinesia - ballisumus/hemiballismus

Answer 15

large range flinging or flailing movements of one or both upper limbs

Question 16

Rigidity

Answer 16

an increase in muscle tension in both antagonists and antagonists, associated with PD
consequences of akinesia and bradykinesia

Question 17

Laterality

Answer 17

awareness/recognition of right and left

Question 18

Lability

Answer 18

fluctuating emotional changes (inappropriate crying/laughing)

Question 19

Nystagmus

Answer 19

rhythmic oscillation of the eyeballs, in a horizontal, rotatory or vertical direction and the oscillation is made of slow or fast components

Question 20

Perseveration

Answer 20

tendency for a mental or motor process to continue in activity after the situation which called it forth ceases to be present

Question 21

Two-point discrimination

Answer 21

ability to discriminate between two points on the body

Question 22

Sensory Inattention

Answer 22

Sensation intact when each side test unilaterally, but not intact with bilateral testing

Question 23

Proprioception

Answer 23

awareness of the position and motion of individual joints

Question 24

Stereognosis

Answer 24

ability to recognise and discriminate between objects using tactile input from the fingers to appreciate size, shape and texture without vision

Question 25

Synergy

Answer 25

persistent stereotyped combination of movements, usually, but not always, used in the context of abnormal movement

Question 26

Hemianopia

Answer 26

loss of half the visual field of one eye

Question 27

Homonymous hemianopia

Answer 27

loss of half the visual field on the same side of each eye

Question 28

Bitemporal hemianopia

Answer 28

loss of vision if the lateral field of each eye

Question 29

Quadrantopia

Answer 29

loss of vision in one quarter field - upper, lower, medial or lateral quadrant

Question 30

Visual inattention

Answer 30

attention to stimuli intact when eyes are tested individually, but disappears when tested at the same time

Question 31

Asynergy

Answer 31

decomposition of normally smooth voluntary movement into a succession of mechanical and puppet like movements

Question 32

Ataxia

Answer 32

errors in sequence and speed of components of each movement, marked incoordination and poor balance
combination of dysmetria, hypotonia and dyssynergy

Question 33

Dysdiachokinesia

Answer 33

inability to perform rapid alternating movements

Question 34

Dysmetria

Answer 34

inability to use the correct force and timing in executing a movement such that overshooting, post-pointing and rebound occur