Definitions 8,9

Question 1

lipids

Answer 1

Any fat-soluble (lipophilic), naturally-occurring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol

Question 2

Fatty acid

Answer 2

a carboxylic acid, often with a long unbranched tail (saturated or unsaturated)

Question 3

Saturated

Answer 3

fatty acid that contain no double bonds between C atoms

Question 4

Unsaturated

Answer 4

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between C atoms

Question 5

Cis configuration

Answer 5

Arrangement of H atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid in which the H atoms are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain

Question 6

Trans configuration

Answer 6

Arrangement of H atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond in which the H atoms are on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain

Question 7

Hydrogenation

Answer 7

process of removing C-C double bonds in a fatty acid by adding hydrogen atoms

Question 8

Essential fatty acid

Answer 8

fatty acid required in the diet because of an inability of the animal to synthesize that fatty acid

Question 9

Triglyceride

Answer 9

a glycerol esterified to 3 fatty acids; the main component of animal and plant lipid stores

Question 10

Compound lipids

Answer 10

esters of fatty acid containing non-lipid substances

Question 11

Phospholipid

Answer 11

Derivative of TG containing glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

Question 12

Glycolipid

Answer 12

a phospholipids to which a carbohydrate chain is attached

Question 13

Lipoprotein

Answer 13

a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids

Question 14

Bile salts

Answer 14

Cholesterol-based detergent involved in reducing lipid droplet size in the intestine; essential for efficient fat absorption

Question 15

Micelle

Answer 15

small lipid droplet in the intestine containing fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol, with bile salts on the surface

Question 16

Cholymicron

Answer 16

Lipid droplets exported from the intestinal cell following lipid absorption. Contains TG, phospholipids, cholesterol and protein

Question 17

Beta oxidation

Answer 17

sequential removal of 2-carbon units from a f.a. chain for the production of energy

Question 18

Eicosanoids

Answer 18

hormone like derivatives of 20-carbon polyunsaturated f.a. (arachidonic acid and EPA)

Question 19

Free radical

Answer 19

molecule having an unpaired electron that makes it highly reactive towards other substances

Question 20

Lipid oxidation

Answer 20

Chemical decomposition of lipids caused by oxidation of double bonds

Question 21

Antioxidant

Answer 21

a compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules

Question 22

Bioenergetics

Answer 22

energy and its metabolism by animals

Question 23

Calorie

Answer 23

heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water from 16.5 to 17.5

Question 24

Gross Energy

Answer 24

total heat of combustion, or energy released from breaking of all organic bonds in a sample

Question 25

Digestible energy

Answer 25

Amount of dietary gross energy not recovered from feces of an animal and assumed to be digested/absorbed

Question 26

Metabolizable energy

Answer 26

Amount of dietary gross E not recovered in feces, urine and gasses excreted, assumed to be used in metabolism

Question 27

Net energy

Answer 27

Amount of E available for use to the animal after subtracting the heat increment from ME. Actually useable by animal

Question 28

Heat increment

Answer 28

increase in heat production of animal associated with digestion, absorption and metabolism of food

Question 29

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 29

Amount of E expended by animal at rest in thermoneutral environment in a post-absorptive state

Question 30

Fasting heat production

Answer 30

Amount of heat produced by a fasting animal; will be higher than basal metabolic rate

Question 31

Thermoneutral zone

Answer 31

Environmental temperatures at which an individual animal does not need to actively regulate its body temperature

Question 32

Compensatory growth

Answer 32

Moderate restriction of growth rate for a portion of the growth curve to encourage more efficient growth at a later stage of the growth curve