Definitions 8,9 Flashcards
lipids
Any fat-soluble (lipophilic), naturally-occurring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol
Fatty acid
a carboxylic acid, often with a long unbranched tail (saturated or unsaturated)
Saturated
fatty acid that contain no double bonds between C atoms
Unsaturated
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between C atoms
Cis configuration
Arrangement of H atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid in which the H atoms are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain
Trans configuration
Arrangement of H atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond in which the H atoms are on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain
Hydrogenation
process of removing C-C double bonds in a fatty acid by adding hydrogen atoms
Essential fatty acid
fatty acid required in the diet because of an inability of the animal to synthesize that fatty acid
Triglyceride
a glycerol esterified to 3 fatty acids; the main component of animal and plant lipid stores
Compound lipids
esters of fatty acid containing non-lipid substances
Phospholipid
Derivative of TG containing glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
Glycolipid
a phospholipids to which a carbohydrate chain is attached
Lipoprotein
a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids
Bile salts
Cholesterol-based detergent involved in reducing lipid droplet size in the intestine; essential for efficient fat absorption
Micelle
small lipid droplet in the intestine containing fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol, with bile salts on the surface
Cholymicron
Lipid droplets exported from the intestinal cell following lipid absorption. Contains TG, phospholipids, cholesterol and protein
Beta oxidation
sequential removal of 2-carbon units from a f.a. chain for the production of energy
Eicosanoids
hormone like derivatives of 20-carbon polyunsaturated f.a. (arachidonic acid and EPA)
Free radical
molecule having an unpaired electron that makes it highly reactive towards other substances
Lipid oxidation
Chemical decomposition of lipids caused by oxidation of double bonds
Antioxidant
a compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
Bioenergetics
energy and its metabolism by animals
Calorie
heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water from 16.5 to 17.5
Gross Energy
total heat of combustion, or energy released from breaking of all organic bonds in a sample
Digestible energy
Amount of dietary gross energy not recovered from feces of an animal and assumed to be digested/absorbed
Metabolizable energy
Amount of dietary gross E not recovered in feces, urine and gasses excreted, assumed to be used in metabolism
Net energy
Amount of E available for use to the animal after subtracting the heat increment from ME. Actually useable by animal
Heat increment
increase in heat production of animal associated with digestion, absorption and metabolism of food
Basal metabolic rate
Amount of E expended by animal at rest in thermoneutral environment in a post-absorptive state
Fasting heat production
Amount of heat produced by a fasting animal; will be higher than basal metabolic rate
Thermoneutral zone
Environmental temperatures at which an individual animal does not need to actively regulate its body temperature
Compensatory growth
Moderate restriction of growth rate for a portion of the growth curve to encourage more efficient growth at a later stage of the growth curve
