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Definitions Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Titration is the process of finding the concentration of an unknown solution (the ______)by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (the ______).

A

Analyte

Titrant

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2
Q

Which phenomenon will an animal trainer most likely try to avoid when training a rabbit for a television commercial?

A

Instinctual Drift

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3
Q

Define the following:

  1. Culture lag
  2. Cultural assimilation
  3. Culture shock
  4. Cultural transmission
A
  1. Culture takes time to catch up with technological changes
  2. Combining cultures; they become the same/similar
  3. Disoriented with a new culture
  4. Cultural learning
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4
Q

Why do the circles in the middle look different size?

A

Context effects

is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus

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6
Q

Define:

  • Social Capital
  • Cultural Capital
A
  • “Interpersonal relationships and other stuff like that.” - Dr. Charles Princeton

the potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility

  • Knowledge, skills and education. Associated with differences in social status

refers to the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility (Education)

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7
Q

What the hell is Intersectionality?

A

how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification.

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8
Q

cDNA is best described as

A

complementary DNA

it is complementary to an mRNA strand, (antisense)

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9
Q

Define:

  • Proximal sensory stimuli
  • Distal sensory stimuli?
A
  • Proximal = the stimulus registered by the sensory receptors
  • Distal = the actual image
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10
Q

Define an Analagous Structure between organisms.

A

The wing of a bee and the wing of a bird

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11
Q

Define a Homologous Structure between organisms.

A

The arm of a human and the flipper of a walrus

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What did Asch’s experiment contend?

A

Social pressure from a majority group could cause people to conform

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14
Q

Fundamental Attribution error is when an individual interprets another’s actions incorrectly by overemphasizing ___________ instead of external events.

A

internal characteristics

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15
Q

Define the Venturi effect in the physics of fluids.

A

Narrower tube –> faster fluid –> lower pressure

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16
Q

What experimental Bias is described below?

Arises from educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way by searching for an outcome disproportionately in certain populations.

A

Detection Bias

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17
Q

What bias is described below?

Behavior of subjects is altered simply by knowing that they are being studied.

A

Hawthorne Effect

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18
Q

What bias is described below?

A type of response bias tendency of survey respondants to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

A

Social Desirability Bias

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

What type of study was performed below:

Assess outcome status and then assess for exposure history.

A

Case-control Study

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21
Q

What type of study was performed below:

Assess both exposure and outcome at the same point in time.

A

Cross-sectional Study

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22
Q

What type of study was performed below:

Record exposures throughout time and then assess the rate of a certain outcome.

A

Cohort study

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23
Q

What variable is described below:

An extraneous variable that relates to BOTH the dependent and independent variables.

A

Confounding variable

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24
Q

What variable is described below:

The means by which the IV affects the DV. It is the “middleman” between the IV and DV.

A

Mediating variable

25
Q

What variable is described below:

Influences the already established relationship between the IV and DV. It affects the strength of the relationship between the two variables.

A

Moderating variable

26
Q

Define:

  • Validity
  • Reliability
A
  • Validity - accurate
  • Reliability - consistent
27
Q

In operant conditioning, what does the term “thinning” refer to?

A

reducing the frequency of rewards

28
Q

What is the House Money Effect?

A

After a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one’s own

29
Q

Define Surfactant:

A

Amphiphatic molecules that reduce the surface tension of a liquid.

most common is pulmonary surfactant, who’s adsorption allows the lungs to remain inflated during respiration.

30
Q

A process known as _______ occurs when the attractive force of an ion molecule causes a thin shell of water molecules to surround it.

A

“hydration” or “solvation”

when hydrophillic interactions occur, a favorably high entropy

when hydrophobic interactions occur, an unfavorably low entropy results, forming a solvation shell around the hydrophobic groups

31
Q

Define the Common Ion Effect

A

When a salt is added to a solution containing one of it’s constituent molecules, potentially leading to precipitate.

For example, if NaBr is added to a solution already containing NaCl, the NaBr may precipitate out because there is already Na+ present in the solution.

32
Q

According to the Common Ion Effect, how will the Ksp be influenced when NaBr is added to a solution of NaCl?

A

Will not change, It is temperature dependent

33
Q

Define Solubility

A

The amount of a compound that is actually dissolved in a solution

34
Q

What cells remain primarily in the G0 phase?

A

Cells that do not replicate! They remain as they are!

Examples include Neurons. An easy way to decide is to determine how specialized a specific cell is. More specialized cells spend more time in G0.

35
Q

Define Chelation in the context of solubility equilibra.

A

When a central cation is bonded to the same ligand in multiple places. Chelation therapy sequesters toxic metals.

36
Q

Role conflict

A

tension between multiple roles

being a physician, parent and spouse

37
Q

Role Strain

A

Tension within a single role

Should i work more hours or should i go to work?

38
Q

Status

A

socially defined position within a society

39
Q

Iron Law of Oligarchy

A

Organizations (such as bureacracies) tend to shift toward being ruled by an elite group

40
Q

Reference group

A

standard measure that people compare themselves to

41
Q

Category

Aggregate

A

group of people in history class

people in the same space, but don’t interact

42
Q

Define the following:

  • Self-Concept/Identity/Perspective
  • Self-Schema
  • Self-Consciousness
A
  • How an individual defines themself
    • (an awareness of oneself) because it includes physical, psychological, and social attributes
    • ADDRESSING
  • Own beliefs of yourself
  • Awareness of yourself

SS + SS = SC

43
Q

If ideal self is similar to real self, the result is a ____________.

A

positive self-concept

44
Q

Usually, ideal self is an impossible standard, and the result is _________.

A

incongruity

45
Q

incongruity

A

When real self not equal to Ideal self

46
Q

based on social desirability, wanting to be accepted or admired by otherso

A

Normative influence –

47
Q

Social comparison

A

evaluating our opinions by comparing them to those of others

48
Q

What is emf in a circuit?

A

It is the amount of energy needed to maintain a potential difference between its terminals.

creates current.

a.k.a. voltage

49
Q

Define Stimulus motives

A

innate motives that are not necessary for survival

50
Q

Define motion parallax

A

monocular cue that gives the perceptual sense of relative motion

51
Q

Define long-term potentiation

A

When neurons are constantly fired, their fire rate increases, which is known as long-term potentiation.

52
Q

Spatial Inequality

A

Results from the uneven distribution of wealth and resources across a given area

ex: projects, ghettos

53
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Ratio of unproductive people in a society (babies and oldies) over productive people in a society (working class)

54
Q

Define chunking

A

Effortful cognitive processing that organizes items to be memorized in broader categories to facilitate memory.

55
Q

Describe ethnographic methods

A

extended observation of a complete social environment.

56
Q

Define Method of Loci

A

Incorporating an image in addition to information to improve recall

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